Electromagnetic Radiation, Quantum Mechanics, and Atomic Structure: Key Concepts and Principles

What is the equation for electromagnetic radiation in terms of light?

C = λV, where C is the speed of light, λ is the wavelength, and V is the frequency.

What is the speed of light?

c = 2.998 x 10^8 m/s

What does λ represent in the electromagnetic radiation equation?

Wavelength in meters.

What does v represent in the electromagnetic radiation equation?

Frequency in Hertz.

What is the equation for energy in terms of frequency?

E = hv, where E is energy in Joules and h is Planck's constant.

What is Planck's constant?

h = 6.00 x 10^-34 J·s

What is an orbital?

A region that describes the probability that electrons will be present at a given instant.

What is a quantum?

The minimum amount of energy that an atom can gain or lose

What does the principal quantum number (n) indicate?

The energy level of an electron.

What are the possible values for the azimuthal quantum number (l)?

0, 1, 2, or 3, corresponding to s, p, d, and f orbitals.

What does the magnetic quantum number (m_l) represent?

The orientation of the orbital.

What does the spin quantum number (ms) indicate?

The spin of the electron, which can be +1/2 or -1/2.

What is the shape of an s orbital?

Spherical.

How many orbitals are in a p subshell?

3 orbitals.

What is the maximum number of electrons in a d subshell?

10 electrons.

Who discovered neutrons?

James Chadwick in 1932.

What model of the atom did Thomson propose?

The Plum Pudding Model, which describes atoms as divisible.

Also discovered electrons.

What does the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle state?

There is a limit to the precision with which position and momentum of an electron can be simultaneously known.

What is the Aufbau Principle?

Orbitals are filled from lowest to highest energy.

What is Hund's Rule?

Electrons will occupy degenerate orbitals singly before pairing up to maximize spin.

What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?

No two electrons in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers, which means that they must have opposite spins.

What is the Octet Rule?

Atoms tend to form bonds to achieve a full outer shell of 8 valence electrons.

What do Lewis Electron-Dot Symbols represent?

Valence electrons of an atom.

What does it mean for atoms and ions to be isoelectronic?

They have the same electron configuration.

maximum electrons in s orbital

2

maximum electrons in p orbital

6

maximum electrons in f orbital

14

possible values of principal quantum number?

1,2,3, up to infinity

possible values of magnetic quantum number?

-𝑙 to +𝑙

possible values of magnetic SPIN quantum number?

-1/2 or +1/2

how many orbitals in a s subshell?

1

how many orbitals in a d subshell?

5

how many orbitals in a f subshell?

7

shape of p orbital?

dumbbell

shape of d orbital?

4 leaf clovers, but one of them is like a detached dumbbell with a donut in the middle

im sorry idk a better way to phrase it

shape of f orbital?

6 circles, but one is like a detached dumbbell with TWO donuts

im sorry idk a better way to phrase it

what did dalton discover (1808)

an atom is a small, solid, indivisible particle (wrong, it is divisible)

what did rutherford discover (1808)

atoms have empty space

shot alpha particles through gold foil, some deflected, some didn’t

dual nature of matter equation (de broglie)

λ = h/mv

𝜓(𝑥) represents what?

is the wave function discovered by Schrodinger

finds were it is possible to locate an electron and where it isn’t