Exploration & Colonization

Asia held wealth; Europe paid high prices for luxuries (e.g., spices, silk, ________).

Porcelain

The _________ Empire taxed land routes; Venice (Italy) controlled the sea.

Ottoman

Goal: Find a direct route maritime route to the _______ (Asia).

Indies

The _________ Peninsula (Spain, Portugal) was the launch point facing the Atlantic.

Iberian

Gold: Secure direct wealth from spices and new gold/_______.

Silver

Glory: Monarchs sought national prestige, power, and new ________.

Territory

God: Spread ________; established missions; convert indigenous people. Exploration combined economic ambition, political rivalry, and _________.

Catholicism, religion

Caravel: Small, fast ship, excellent for shallow waters and _________.

Cargo

Astrolabe: Allowed sailors to determine their latitude by the _______.

Stars

Compass: Provided a consistent reference for _________ direction at sea.

Magnetic

Cartography & Mercator Map (1569) made plotting straight ________ possible.

Courses

By mid-15th century, ____________ the Navigator, funded journeys to search for riches in Africa.

Prince Henry

Ferdinand & Isabella funded voyages for ________ claim (Spain).

National

__________ Companies shared risk and funded large ventures (Dutch/English).

Joint-Stock

Treaty of _________ (Pope) divided new global land claims (Portugal/Spain).

Tordesillas

Portugal’s Da Gama secured the ________ spice trade route.

Eastern

Spain’s Columbus claimed lands leading to the ________.

Americas

Spain’s Magellan completed the first global ___________.

Circumnavigation

England’s Cabot and France claimed __________ territory.

North American

Diseases like ________ caused massive indigenous population decline.

Smallpox

__________ System: Forced native labor for Spanish gold/silver.

Ecomienda

Colombian Exchange: Global transfer of plants, animals, diseases, _________.

Culture

Rise of __________ : Colonies supplied raw materials, served markets.

Mercantilism

Mercantilism encouraged European nations to accumulate _______ and _______ to increase national power.

Gold, silver

The Commercial Revolution expanded global trade, banking, and __________.

Investment

European demand for gold, resources, and ____ _____ ______ through Africa influenced exploration and settlement.

New trade routes

Early European explorer, such as ___________ the Navigator, funded voyages along the African coast.

Prince Henry

Gold, slaves drove trade along ______ _______ coast.

West African

Europeans build forts on the _________ ______ coast.

Ghanaian Gold

Costal ________ like Angola, Senegal, and Cape limited European inland power.

Enclaves

Indigenous population decline in the Americas created a severe labor __________.

Shortage

Cash crops like sugarcane, tobacco, and rice required intensive, year-round ________.

Labor

The need for labor was the primary factor leading to the __________ of Africans.

Enslavement

__________ economies grew, linking European profits to forced African labor.

Plantation

__________ Trade connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Triangular

European merchants exported guns and cloth to _________.

Africa

African kingdoms, like ________, traded enslaved people.

Ashanti

Enslaved Africans forced to produce sugar, cotton, ___________.

Tobacco

First enslaved Africans arrived in Americas, _______.

1619

European economies grew from profits of ______ goods.

Trade

Africans forced on brutal voyages; many died from disease and starvation.

Middle Passage

Families and communities: Enslavement tore people apart and disrupted _________ societies.

Traditional

Ashanti Empire: Profited from trade, but everyone ________ greatly.

Suffered

Critics: Bartolomé de las Casas and _________ spoke out against slavery.

Quakers

Abolition: Public pressure and stories of suffering led Britian (1833) and U.S. (1865) to end ________.

Slavery

Triangular Trade linked three continents: _________, Africa, and the Americas (including the Carribbean) for commerce.

Europe

Mercantilism policy enriched _________ nations.

European

Cash crops (Sugar Cane, Tobacco, Cotton, Cacao, Coffee) drove demand for forced labor. Slavery & __________ system.

Plantation

___________ Vespucci mapping of the northeastern and eastern coastlines of South America.

Amerigo

Old World _________ devastated Native populations swiftly.

Smallpox

New World ________ and ________ fueled global growth.

Maize, potatoes

_______ and _______ drastically changed American ecology.

Horses, cattle

Massive demographic transformation occurred across hemispheres: catastrophic decline of Native populations, mass _________ migration, and global population growth.

African

Exploitation: The __________ system exploited Native labor for Spanish profit.

Econmienda

Political Shift: ___________ empires fell; new politics were imposed.

Aztec/Inca

Social Change: New social hierarchies emerged based on ______.

Race

Cultural Blending: ___________ created new blended cultures and traditions.

Creolization

Disruption: Traditional Native ___________ were disrupted.

Economies

Protest: _________ de las Casas protested forces Native labor.

Bartolomé

England: East Coast settlements focused on permanent farming and ________ crops.

Cash

France: St. Lawrence River focused on ______ trade and Native alliances.

Fur

Dutch: Hudson river focused on trade and commerce (___________)

New Amsterdam

Spain: Southwest/South America focused on gold, conquest, and _______.

Labor

New colonial governments replaced _________ rule and European powers competed for _________ dominance.

Indigenous, global

Resistance included the Pueblo Revolt (Popé drove Spanish out of present day _________) temporarily and _________ communities (independent settlements formed by escapees).

New Mexico, Maroon