United States History 1920s and Beyond Fall Final Study Guide

Warren G Harding

campaigned on returning America to “normalcy" after WWI

Teapot Dome Scandal

Harding's friends accepted bribes from oil companies in exchange for exclusive rights to drill for oil on federal land

Henry Ford

started the assembly line technique

Assembly Line

machines and workers arranged so each person performs an assigned task again and again

Consumerism in the 1920s

increased

Installment Buying

payment for an item over time in small amounts

Disposable Income

money remaining after taxes and living expenses

Credit

system of borrowing money from banks to make purchases

KKK

targeted African Americans, Jews, Catholics, radicals, immigrants, and other “un-American" groups

National Origins Act of 1924

set quotas for each country at 2% of the number of people from that country in the US in 1890

Nativism

hostility towwarrds immigrants

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian immigrants arrested for armed robbery and murder, found guilty and executed in 1927 with weak evidence; self proclaimed anarcists

Anarchist

person who opposes all forms of government

16th Amendment

collects taxes on income

18th Amendment

production, transportation, and sale of intoxicating liquids is illegal

19th Amendment

women's right to vote; 1920

21st Amendment

repealed 18th Amendment

Al Capone

infamous bootlegger from Chicago, made millions, arrested for unpaid income tax

Why Prohibition Ended

unenforcable, government needed money for FDR's New Deal

American Farmers in the 1920s

produced more food during WWI, then prices plunged

Fundamentalism

the idea that religious texts and beliefs should be taken literally and treated as authority on appropriate behavior

John Scopes

taught a lesson on evolution, arrested and fined $100

Creationism

God created the world exactly as described in the Bible

Evolution

human beings have developed from lower forms of life over the course of millions of years

Great Migration

movement of thousands of African Americans from the South to the North in the early part of the 1900s

Harlem Renaissance

blossoming of African American art and literature in the 1920s

Herbert Hoover

republican president from Iowa; landslide victory in 1928

Stock Market

system for buying and selling stocks in corporations

Bull Market

a long period of rising stock prices

Invest

to put money into a company in order to gain future financial reward

Speculation

act of buying stocks at great risks with the anticipation that the prices will rise

Margin

buying a stock by paying only a fraction of the stock price and borrowing the rest

Great Depression

the most severe economic downturn in the history of the US

4 Causes of the Great Depression

stock market crash of 1929, bank failures, loss of export sales, and the Dust Bowl

Black Tuesday (date)

October 29, 1929

Bank Failures

banks are unable to meet depositors demand for their money

Bank Runs

many depositors attempt to withdraw all of their funds from their banks at the same time

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

a tax placed on all imported good sthat caused the prices of imported goods to increase

Hooverville

shacks at publix parks or outskirts of town

Foreclosure

bank and other lenders take away ownership of a property due to failure to make payment

Dust Bowl

farmers overplowed then planted nothing; OK, TX, CO, KS, NM; ended when rain returned

Bonus Army

a group of veterans who wanted to collect their bonuses early, but were kicked out of their camps in the capitol

Polio

disease that paralyzed FDR's legs

Fireside Chats

radio addresses given by FDRto the American people to explain his initiatives

New Deal

FDR's plan to help end the Depression; relief, recovery, and reform; expanded government's role in economy

Relief

to the people suffering the effects of the Great Depression

Recovery

for the economy

Reform

to prevent another economic crisis

Social Security Act

provides ome financial security for older Americans, unemployed workers, and others

Emergency Banking and Relief Act

government to correct the problems of the bank or close it

SEC

regulates and prevents fraud in the stock market

FDIC

provides government insurance for savings up to $250,000 in banks

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

employed 8.5 million workers and spnt $11 billion to construct roadways, public buildings, airports, bridges, and parks

Why did some people choose not to take advantage of the New Deal programs?

proud, didn't want handouts

Court Packing

act of a leader to change the political balance of power in a nation's judiciary system by appointing judges who will rule in favor of the leader's policies

New Deal Legacy

broker state- role of government to work out conflicts among competing groups; minimum wage created

Fascism

a system of government where the nation is more important than the individual

Joseph Stalin

dictator of Russia; used fear and propaganda to make people like him

Adolf Hitler

“Deh Fuhrer"- the leader; dictator in Germany

Nazi Party

promised to restore national respect and empire and economic stabilization

Violations of the Treaty of Versailles by Germany

rebuilt their military

Maginot Line

string of bunkers and fortresse sthat lined the German and French border

Vichy France

free part of France during WWII

Anschluss

union; Germany tried to force the Austian government to agree

Munich Agreement

Great Britain and France let Hitler annex the Sudetenland

Appeasement

giving up principles to pacify and aggressor

Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

agreed to never attack one another or aly with the other's enemy; secret pact- split Poland

Blitzkrieg

lightning war; uses the latest in aircraft and tank technology to surprise the enemy

Axis

Italy, Germany, and Japan

Allies

Great Britian, France, US

Dunkirk

Great Britain rescued French troops when they were trapped by German soldiers at the port of Dunkirk

Battle of Britain

Britain stood alone and was under attack by Germany; London Blitz

Neutrality Act 1935

made it illegal to sell arms to any country at war

Cash and Carry

countries had to send their own ships to pick up nonmilitary supplies nd pay cash on the spot

Lend-Lease Act

lend and lese arms to any country considered “vital to the defense of the US"

Oil Embargo

issued by FDR; cut off oil, steel, and other war supplies from Japan

Mass Production

helped the Allies win the war

Tuskegee Airmen

a group of African Americans who were recruited for combat; first African American air force unit

Rationing

restricting the amount of an item an individual can have due to limited supplies

War Bonds

bought by Americans to help pay for the cost of the war

Operation Barbarossa

German invasion of the Soviet Union; June 1941

Battle of Stalingrad (3 reasons)

Germany wanted the city- river, oil, name

Atlantic Wall

Germany's defense of Western Europe; keep Allies out of Europe

Operation Fortitude

code name for a military deception by the Allies during the build-up to the 1944 Normandy landings; intended to divert Axis attention away from Normandy

Operation Overlord

codename for the Battle of Normandy- invasion of German-occupied Western Europe

Beaches landed on and by who

Britain and Canada- Gold, Juno, Sword; US- Omaha, Utah

Dwight D Eisenhoower

US Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe

Anti-Semitism

prejudice against or hatred of Jews

Nuremburg Laws

stripped of German citizenship, barred from holding public office and voting, banned marriages between Jews and other Germans, could no longer practice law or medicine, can't own business, land, phone, or car, and can't attend plays, concerts, or non-Jewish schools

Kristallnacht

“night of broken glass"; anti Jewish riots broke out all over Germany, looted and destroyed Jewish businesses

Final Solution

the Nazi policy of exterminating European Jews

Executive Order 9417 (War Refugee Board)

January 22, 1944; “immediate rescue and relief of the Jews of Europe and other vvictims of enemy persecution"; saved an estimted 200,000 Jews

Buchenwald

liberated by Americans

Dachau

liberated by Americans; designed to house 6,000 detainees; 30,000 prisoners packed into camp

Yalta Conference

FDR, Churchill, and Stalin; created UN; Germany and Berlin divided into 4 sections; Eastern European countries hold their own elections; SU would declare war on Japan 3 months after Germany surrendered

United Nations

goals- facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights,and achievement of world peace; US joined

V-E Day

Victory in Europe Day; May 8, 1945; Germany unconditionally surrendered

Potsdam Conference

Truman, Churchill, and Stalin; prosecute Nazis of wra crimes, reduce the size of Germany and its military, outlaw National Socialism and abolish Nazi ideology

Potsdam Declaration

ultimatum- Japan must immdiately agree to unconditionally surrender, or face “prompt and utter destruction”

Executive Order 9066

February 1942; allowed US military to relocate Japanese to detention centers; internment- forced relocation and confinement