CSCI 3200: Ethics in Computer Science Final - Quizzes 1-6 COMBINED

Which of the following is not considered one of Lessig's four constraints that regulate our behavior in real space?
A. Law
B. The market
C. Social norms
D. Cultural norms

Cultural norms

According to Moor, happiness and _____ includes those goods that we need to complete our projects (ability, security, knowledge, freedom, opportunity, reason).
A. the absence of pain
B. autonomy
C. philosophy
D. life

autonomy

Oxford philosopher John Finnis offers a master principle of morality, whereby one's choices should always be:
A. regulated by social constructs.
B. open to integral human fulfillment.
C. controlled by international law.
D. pleasurable and absent of pain.

open to integral human fulfillment.

Which of the following is a fundamental principle of ethics, a universal validity that remains the same whether one does business in Nigeria or interacts in cyberspace?
A. Social norms
B. Cultural norms
C. Betanorms
D. Metanorms

Metanorms

What role should morality play in cyberspace?
A. It should mandate copyright laws.
B. It should direct and harmonize the forces of law, code, the market, and social norms so that interactions and dealings there will be measured, fair, and just.
C. It must be the ultimate regulator of cyberspace that sets the boundaries for activities and policies, and it should direct and harmonize the forces of law, code, the market, and social norms so that interactions and dealings there will be measured, fair, and just.
D. It must be the ultimate regulator of cyberspace that sets the boundaries for activities and policies.

It must be the ultimate regulator of cyberspace that sets the boundaries for activities and policies, and it should direct and harmonize the forces of law, code, the market, and social norms so that interactions and dealings there will be measured, fair, and just.

True or False? In Lessig's book, Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, Lessig lists the four constraints that regulate human behavior in real space as being law, norms, the market, and code.

True

True or False? Metanorms are simply a variable social action guide that is completely relative and dependent on a given social or cultural environment.

False

T/F: Lessig's constraints that regulate our behavior in real space include law, social norms, and the market.

True

T/F: Social norms are a fundamental principle of ethics, a universal validity that remains the same whether one does business face-to-face or in cyberspace.

False

T/F: The use of code as a surrogate for law may mean that certain public goods or moral values once protected by law will now be ignored or compromised by those who develop or utilize this code.

True

T/F: Lessig contends that basic moral principles, such as the Golden Rule, should play a directive role in the regulation of cyberspace.

False

The following viewpoint is held by _____: Technology is only a tool, and it does not compromise our human freedom or determine our destiny in any appreciable way—it is up to us whether this powerful force is used for good or ill purposes.
A. technology neutralists
B. Ellul and Heidegger
C. Weber
D. None of these are correct.

technology neutralists

Which of the following philosophical positions acknowledges that technology has reconfigured our political and social reality and that it does influence human behavior in particular ways?
A. Technological romanticism
B. Neutral coding effect
C. Technological realism
D. The moral high ground

Technological realism

What term was coined to connote how technology has locked humans into certain ways or patterns of behaving?
A. Iron cage
B. Technological societal constructs
C. Cultural norms
D. Metacognition

Iron Cage

Who argues that technology does not irreversibly shape the way we live, work, and interact in this world?
A. Technology neutralists
B. Ellul and Heidegger
C. Weber
D. None of these are correct.

Technology neutralists

What does the author term as the middle ground between the extreme positions of technology neutrality and pessimistic outlook on technology?
A. Technological realism
B. The moral high ground
C. Neutral coding effect
D. Technological romanticism

Technological realism

T/F: Lessig argues that code is not neutral, that embedded within code are certain value decisions that define the set of options for policy problems.

True

T/F: Winner describes a process of reverse adaptation or the adjustment of human ends to match the character of the available means; as a result, technology conditioning is nearly impossible to overcome.

True

T/F: According to the iron cage view, technology locks us into certain patterns of behavior. In contrast, technology neutralists argue that technologies are free of bias and do not promote one type of behavior over another.

True

T/F: The term metacognition was coined to connote how technology locked humans into certain ways or patterns of behaving.

False

An example of _____ is an entitlement or claim to something.
A. deontology
B. contractarianism
C. utilitarianism
D. teleologicalism

contractarianism

Which moral theory holds that human rights cannot be overridden by utilitarian considerations?
A. Contractarianism
B. Consequentialism
C. New natural law
D. Natural law

New natural law

Which of the following is not among Finnis's set of basic human goods that contribute to human flourishing?
A. Knowledge
B. Life, health, and security
C. Skillful performance at work and play
D. Patience

Patience

The statement "The sole ultimate standard of right, wrong, and obligation is the principle of utility or beneficence, which says quite strictly that the moral end to be sought in all that we do is the greatest possible balance of good over evil (or the least possible balance of evil over good)" describes which of the following?
A. Evangological
B. Deontological
C. Teleological
D. Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism

True or False? According to Frankena, technological romanticism (TR) is the view that "the sole ultimate standard of right, wrong and obligation is the principle of utility or beneficence, which says quite strictly that the moral end to be sought in all that we do is the greatest possible balance of good over evil (or the least possible balance of evil over good)."

False

True or False? A negative right implies a requirement that the holder of this right be provided with whatever one needs to pursue one's legitimate interests even if it interferes with other human's rights.

False

True or False? Examples of negative rights include the right to free speech, the right to property, and the right to privacy.

True

The _____ theory that is considered for modern ethical frameworks is derived from the Greek word meaning goal or end.

teleological

A _____ implies a requirement that the holder of this right be provided with whatever one needs to pursue one's legitimate interests.

positive right

What element do most moral theories have in common?
A. Repudiation of egotistic moral reasoning
B. Observation of the greater good
C. Willingness to give weight to others' interests as well as one's own and repudiation of egotistic moral reasoning
D. Willingness to give weight to others' interests as well as one's own

Willingness to give weight to others' interests as well as one's own and repudiation of egotistic moral reasoning.

Which ethical framework poses the operative question: Does the proposed action or policy promote the basic requirements of human flourishing? Does it impede, damage, or destroy any of the basic human goods?
A. New natural law
B. Rights-based morality
C. Consequentialism/utilitarianism
D. Duty-based morality

New natural law

Which ethical framework asks the operative question: Which action or policy best protects the human and legal rights of the individuals involved?
A. Consequentialism/utilitarianism
B. New natural law
C. Rights-based morality
D. Duty-based morality

Rights-based morality

Which ethical framework asks the operative question: Which action or policy generates the best overall consequences or the greatest net expectable utility for all affected parties?
A. Rights-based morality
B. Consequentialism/utilitarianism
C. New natural law
D. Duty-based morality

Consequentialism/utilitarianism

Which ethical framework has as its starting point for moral reflection the practical principle: "Good should be done and pursued, and evil avoided."?
A. Duty-based morality
B. Rights-based morality
C. Beneficence
D. New natural law

New natural law

True or False? Of the four types of theories for ethical frameworks, new natural law trumps the others because it proposes action or policy to promote the basic requirements of human flourishing.

False

T/F: New natural law is the ethical framework that asks the question: Which action or policy generates the best overall consequences or the greatest net expectable utility for all affected parties?

False

The need to consider the interests and perspectives of the affected parties in assessing alternative action plans, the other's moral and legal rights, and our duty to treat the other as an end and not as a means, all stand in opposition to the dangerous and myopic philosophy of _____, which is blind to the rights and aspirations of others.

ethical egoism

Which ethical theory has the ontocentric thesis that all entities in the universe, both animate and inanimate, are informational objects or "clusters of data," and that this common feature endows them with some moral value?
A. Evangelical ethics
B. Principlism
C. Information Ethics
D. Utilitarianism

Information Ethics

True or False? Floridi suggests that robots can be held morally accountable, but that they lack moral responsibility for their actions.

True

The ethical theory proposed by _____ has three major characteristics: it is ontocentric, ecological, and patient-oriented.

Floridi

The ethical theory developed by _____ has three major characteristics: ontocentric ethics, ecological macroethics, and information ethics.

Floridi

An Olympic swimmer sees someone drowning at the beach and feels the obligation to attempt a rescue because there is no other recourse. According to the four principles proposed by Beauchamp and Childress, this is an example of:
A. nonmaleficence.
B. autonomy.
C. justice.
D. beneficence.

beneficence

According to Beauchamp and Childress, is reflected by the following statement: "All rational persons have two key moral powers or capacities: they possess the ability to develop and revise a rational plan to pursue their conception of the good life, and they possess the capacity to respect this same capacity of self-determination in others."
A. autonomy
B. beneficence
C. nonmaleficence
D. justice

autonomy

Which of the four principles proposed by Beauchamp and Childress suggest "Above all, do no harm"?
A. Justice
B. Nonmaleficence
C. Autonomy
D. Beneficence

Nonmaleficence

T/F: Information ethics is a microethics precisely because of its interest in the entire infosphere and the entropy or impoverishment of being that could happen to any entity that occupies this environment.

False

The ethical theory of _____ is commonly used in biomedical ethics to constitute prima facie duties, and has become popularized through the work of Beauchamp and Childress.

principlism

Which of the following is an example of an "intermediate principle" or "mode of responsibility"?
A. Autonomy
B. Justice
C. The Golden Rule
D. Beneficence

The Golden Rule

The First Principle of Morality states: keep one's choices open to _____, the fulfillment of all persons and communities.

integral human fulfillment

One principal of practical reason is the norm forbidding the taking of _____.

innocent life

True or False? The National Science Foundation network (NSFNET), which relied on five supercomputers to link university and government
researchers from across the world, developed into a maze of interconnected networks and is what we call the internet today.

True

_____ works by breaking up a message into fixed-sized units.

Package switching

T/F: The first large-scale packet-switching network was developed based on the work of the Advanced Research Project Agency.

True

T/F: AIRPLANET was the first incarnation of what is now known as the internet.

False

T/F: Corporate internet use still accounts for the vast majority of all Internet traffic.

False

Which of the following countries has implemented a firewall to keep their population from obtaining unwanted outside information?
A. India
B. South Africa
C. China
D. France

China

T/F: The internet permits a few-to-many format of communications that controls the types and amount of communication a user may conduct.

False

T/F: The internet requires a lot of hardware because it uses the telephone network systems to move signals around the world.

False

Which piece of hardware performs much of the work in transmitting data over the internet to its ultimate destination by reviewing the IP address of each message?
A. LAN
B. TCP/IP
C. Network Service Provider
D. Router

Router

This element of the network protocol is the piece that enables network communication over the internet by regulating the flow of information.
A. TCP
B. IP
C. NSFNET
D. LAN

TCP

_____ establishes a unique numeric address for each system connected to the internet.

IP

Net neutrality is an idea based on all of the following, except:
A. internet providers can block legal websites.
B. internet providers cannot create a fast lane for data users who pay more.
C. internet providers cannot discriminate between different packets of data.
D. internet providers cannot employ tolls to slow down data usage.

internet providers can block legal websites.

T/F: In 2015 the Federal Communications Commission released an order that would regulate broadband providers as public utilities and set rules for rates, terms, and conditions.

True

Which term refers to the idea that companies cannot discriminate between different packets of data, nor speed up or slow down transmissions?
A. Net capitalism
B. Net regulations
C. Net neutrality
D. Netiquette

Net neutrality

T/F: Europe will have an easy path to create a set of laws governing the use of the internet because they are all part of the European Union where a majority of the countries can agree on a common set of regulations.

False

The heart of the internet's original design is a network architectural standard that was first called the _____ principle, where intelligence is located at the ends but not in the network itself.

end-to-end

T/F: The Warsaw Pact created the World Wide Web as a means for member governments to effectively communicate with one another.

False

T/F: The World Wide Web was developed at the European Particle Physics Lab as a means of exchanging data about high-energy physics among physicists scattered throughout the world.

True

T/F: Hyperlinks such as Firefox enable users to explore the internet effortlessly.

False

T/F: The World Wide Web was initially created by NATO as a means to efficiently communicate between membership governments.

False

The last three letters of a web address indicate a(n) _____ identification, such as .edu stands for education.

top-level

T/F: Netscape Navigator is an example of an Internet Browser tool.

True

Because search algorithms are proprietary technology, the opacity of the search process threatens the ideal of equal and fair access to _____ information.

objective

Which of the following is not an internet browser tool?
A. Foxfire
B. Microsoft's Internet Explorer
C. Google Chrome
D. Netscape Navigator

FoxFire

portals, such as Quicken.com in the area of financial services, are distinguished by their deep content and hyperlinks exclusive to one subject area.
A. Browser
B. Search engine
C. Horizontal
D. Vertical

Vertical

True or False? Google was celebrated by a Wall Street Journal report revealing how the company installed cookies on iPhones and iPads even if Apple's Safari browser was set to block this form of tracking.

False

Because Google used a(n) ___ search technology that provided better results and was free of spam, it quickly became the favorite search tool.

PageRank

Google's dominance has concerned regulators that Google will _____ internet search and use that as a lever to gain control over other online industries.

monopolize

The fundamental question regarding search engine technology is whether users are getting _____ results when they initiate a search.

unbiased

T/F: Free social media sites take users' personal information and sell space for marketers to advertise to those users to bring in revenue.

True

Because users such as NASA rely on this tool for communications, _____ is primed to become the "epicenter of the Web."

Twitter

T/F: Because users such as NASA rely on this tool for communications, Answer is primed to become the "epicenter of the Web." Because users such as NASA rely on this tool for communications, Answer is primed to become the "epicenter of the Web."

False

T/F: Social networks like Facebook use cookies to track users across the internet to collect valuable data to sell to marketers.

True

Facebook and Twitter are examples of ___.

Social Networks

A challenge facing university administrators is their hesitation to ___ on social apps, even when offensive content is posted.

censor content

T/F: Because of the internet's distributed architecture and resilient design, and digital information using 1s and 0s transmitted through cyberspace with ease, it is a simple matter to regulate usage.

False

T/F: The potential problem of governments regulating the internet is that anyone posting information on the internet is unduly open to nearly any sovereign's jurisdiction, since that information could have an effect around the world. Thus, any country could bring a lawsuit onto any user at any time.

True

Because the internet was designed as a(n) _____ global technology, it is difficult for governments to enforce laws or restrictions.

borderless

_____ handles ordinary and routine technical matters such as the determination of technical standards and the management of domain names and IP addresses.

governance

T/F: Network Solutions International is still the most popular method of registering for a domain name.

False

T/F: Domain names were introduced to impose some order on the internet, and originally there were eight TLDs: .com, .net, .org, .edu, .gov, .pro, .coop, and .mil.

False

The _____ is an international standards-setting body that provides policy governance.
A. Advanced Research Project Agency
B. Internet Engineering Task Force
C. World Wide Web Consortium
D. International Cyberspace Foundation

World Wide Web Consortium

T/F: Citizens of the United States are becoming increasingly antibureaucratic and would favor individual empowerment and local control whenever possible.

True

T/F: Digital empowerment, such as that used by activists in China, appears to have weakened state sovereignty and given individuals the upper hand.

True

T/F: Cyberspace should be a place where values like justice, fairness, autonomy, and privacy are given due respect.

True

An effective anonymizer tool known as allows users to navigate the Web and download or upload content without being traced.
A. Tor
B. Thor
C. Python
D. Casper

Tor

True or False? Cyberspace should be a place where values like justice, fairness, autonomy, and privacy are given due respect.

True

Due to strong programs, it is more difficult for the state to conduct surveillance on confidential electronic communications.

encryption

T/F: Facebook and Google are subject to significant antitrust regulations in the United States.

False

What Facebook acquisition has helped augment Facebook's power?
A. Instagram
B. Signal
C. YouTube
D. eBay

Instagram

Companies such as Facebook and Google rely largely on lucrative _____ of their users.

personal information