Basic Organic and Water Chemistry Biology Quiz

organic chemistry

the chemistry of organisms

inorganic chemistry

the chemistry of the nonliving world

Chemists of the nineteenth century belief

molecules of cells must contain a vital force

organic molecules

contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms (can be synthesized in the lab)

four classes of organic compounds

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

How many electrons does carbon have?

6 electrons

How many electrons are in carbon's first shell?

2 electrons

How many electrons are in carbon's outer shell/valence?

4 electrons

What are the elements that make up most of the weight of living things?

CHNOPS

How many electrons does carbon need to complete its valence?

4

What are hydrocarbons?

chains of carbon atoms bonded exclusively to hydrogen atoms

What do double bonds do?

they restrict the movement of attached atoms and contribute to the shape of the molecule

What bonds can carbon form?

single, double, triple

What is the carbon chain of an organic molecule?

its skeleton or backbone

What is a functional group?

a specific combination of bonded atoms that always reacts in the same way, regardless of the particular carbon skeleton

Hydrophobic

not soluble in water

hydrophilic

soluble in water

What are isomers?

organic molecules that have identical molecular formulas but a different arrangement of atoms

isomers are variations in the _________ ____________ of a molecule

molecular architecture

Organic molecules are _______ and _______

diverse; complex

Carbon _________ vary in shape and size

skeletons

__________ ______ have various chemical characteristics

functional groups

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are called?

macromolecules because of their large size

Polymers

the largest of macromolecules that are constructed by linking together a large number of monomers

Monomers

same type of subunits in polymers

How can polymers get so large?

Cells use the modular approach when constructing polymers; they get longer as monomers bond to one another

dehydration reaction

when cells use the same type of condensation reaction to synthesize any type of macromolecule because the equivalent of a water molecule is removed as the reaction occurs

hydrolysis reaction

when water is used to break the bond holding subunits together

all types of reactions in cells need ______ present

enzymes

What do enzymes do?

molecules that bring reactants together to speed up reactions

________ usually have to be activated to react

monomers

_______ _________ are routinely built up in cells by the removal of water during a dehydration reaction

organic molecules

Organic molecules are degraded in cells by the addition of water during a __________ ________

hydrolysis reaction

What do chemicals make up?

our bodies, the bodies of other organisms, and the physical environment

What is life's chemistry tied to?

water

Life first evolved in _____

water

All ______ _____ require water

living things

The chemical reactions of your body occur in cells consisting of how much water?

70-90%

What are living organisms composed of?

matter

matter

anything that has mass and occupies space

What is matter composed of?

chemical elements

element

a substance that cannot be broken own by other substances

How many types of atoms are in an element?

one

What are the most common elements?

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium

What elements make up 96% of living matter?

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

Why are trace elements important?

Crucial to many body functions, including metabolic pathways and some are required to prevent disease

Nonpolar bonds

bonds that share electrons equally

What type of bond is a nonpolar bond?

covalent

What type of bonds can nonpolar covalent bonds have?

single, double, and triple bonds

hydrogen structural formula

H * H

hydrogen molecular formula

H2

polar bond

bonds that share electron unequally

What type of bond is a polar bond?

covalent

What type of bond is more likely to be found around one atom?

polar covalent bonds

In what bond do molecules develop slight changes or poles?

polar covalent bonds

Can polar covalent bonds be represented in molecular or structural formulas?

yes

Water atomic structure

Ionic bond

occurs when electrons are taken from one atom by another atom

___ ____ are very important in biological structures

free ions

What breaks down water into ions?

salt

What are strong bonds?

covalent (polar and nonpolar) and ionic bonds

What are weak bonds?

hydrogen bonds

hydrogen bonds

weak attractions between a hydrogen ion and a polar molecule

In living systems the polar molecule in hydrogen bonds are usually what?

oxygen or nitrogen

What do hydrogen atoms bond to in a water molecule?

oxygen

Cohesion

holds water molecules together

adhesion

holds water molecules to other polar substances

surface tension

caused by cohesion of water to itself and lack of adhesion to air

Water has an extremely ___________ specific heat.

high

It takes a lot of ______ to raise water's temperature

energy

It takes energy to break ________ _____ between water molecules

hydrogen bonds

Water helps moderate ___________

temperature

Water is most dense at what temperature?

4°C

What holds molecules apart in solid structure?

hydrogen bonds

What insulates bodies of water?

ice

Water _________ a huge range of compounds (H-bonds)

dissolves

solution

evenly distributed mixture of 2 or more substances

solvent

substance that is dissolving another substance

solute

substance being dissolved

hydrophobic sustances...

do not form H-bonds with water

hydrophobic examples

oil, membranes, some proteins

hydrophilic substance...

form H-bonds with water

hydrophilic examples

ions, sugars, cellulose, some proteins

How many hydrogen atoms are in a molecule of water?

2 hydrogen atoms

How many oxygen atoms are in a molecule of water?

1 oxygen atom

What holds the hydrogen atoms to the oxygen atom?

covalent bond

Where is the majority of negative charge on a water molecule?

around the oxygen atom

What is the bond between a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom in the same water molecule?

covelant bond

What is the bond between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and an oxygen atom in another molecule?

hydrogen bond

What causes the attractions between molecules of water?

the positive charge of a hydrogen atom attracts to the negative charge of an oxygen atom from another molecule

Suspensions

a mixture of water and a non-dissolved material

Suspension examples

blood (also a solution) and mud

pH 0

strong acid

pH 14

strong base

acids

have extra H+ ions, have a pH less than 7, ex. hydrochloric acid and vinegar

bases

have more OH- ions, have a pH greater than 7, also called Alkalines, ex. soap and ammonia

Neutral

solutions have exactly the same number of H+ and OH- ions, pure water... has one H+ for every OH-, ex. tap water usually has a pH just above 7

Buffers

weak acids or bases that react with strong acids or bases to prevent sudden changes in pH (help maintain homeostasis in the body)

Polar substances can dissolve _____ _____ _________

other polar substances

Non-polar substances dissolve ______ ______ ________

other non-polar substances