DEP 2004: Life Cycle Exam 3 Review

Personality

combination of attributes, motives, values, and behaviors unique to each individual

Self-concept

Perceptions (positive, negative, realistic, unrealistic)of our attributes and traits

Self-esteem

Overall evaluation of worth as a person based onself-concept

Identity

Overall sense of who we are, how we fit into society

Dispositional traits

Assumes personality is stable across different contexts

Trait

distinguishable ways that a person differs from others

Openness to experience

Curiosity and interest in variety vs. preference for sameness

Key Characteristics of Openness

Openness to fantasy, esthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, values

Conscientiousness

Discipline and organization vs. lack of seriousness

Key Characteristics of Conscientiousness

Competence, order, dutifulness, striving for achievement, self-discipline, deliberation

Extraversion

Sociability and outgoingness vs. introversion

Key Characteristics of Extraversion

Warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement seeking, positive emotions

Agreeableness

Compliance and cooperativeness vs. suspiciousness

Key Characteristics of Agreeableness

Trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, tender-mindedness

Neuroticism

Emotional instability vs. stability

Key Characteristics of Neuroticism

Anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, vulnerability

Characteristic adaptations

situation specific, changeable wayswe adapt to roles and environment

Narrative identities

life stories we create based on our past,present, and future

Psychosocial theory

eight stages, each with a specific challenge

Trust vs. mistrust

Can I trust others? (birth-1 yr)

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Can I act on my own? (1-3 yrs)

Initiative vs. guilt

Can I carry out plans successfully? (3-6 yrs)

Industry vs. inferiority

Am I competent compared to others? (6-12 yrs)

Identity vs. role confusion

Who am I? Where am I going? (12-20 yrs)

Intimacy vs. isolation

Am I ready for a relationship? (20-40 yrs)

Generativity vs. stagnation

Have I left something for future generations? (40-65 yrs)

Integrity vs. despair

Has my life been meaningful? (65+ yrs)

Temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Attributes of an Easy Temperament

• Typically happy

• Open and adaptable to new experiences

• Regular feeding and sleeping habits

• Tolerant of frustrations and discomforts

Attributes of a Difficult Temperament

• Active, irritable, and irregular in their habits

• React negatively to changes in routine

• Slow to adapt to new people or situations

• Cry frequently, tantrums

Attributes of a Slow-to-warm-up Temperament

• Relatively inactive, somewhat moody

• Moderately regular in their daily schedules

• Slow to adapt to new people and situations, but typically mildly

Behavioral inhibition

tendency to be shy, restrained, and distressed in response to unfamiliar people and situations

Goodness of fit

Extent to which child's temperament is compatible with demands/expectations of the world

Self-concept is _ and ___

concrete and physical

Stages of Identity Formation

Diffusion, Foreclosure, Moratorium, Identity Achievement

Diffusion

haven't really thought about identity yet

Foreclosure

accepted identity based on parents/other people

Moratorium

actively exploring/questioning their identity

Identity Achievement

achieved a firm identity

Social referencing

monitor caregiver's emotional reactions tosituations, then use this information to decide how to feel andbehave (9 mos)

Emotion regulation

initiating, maintaining, and altering emotional responses

Attachment theory

Based on ethology; how attachment helped our ancestors adapt to the environment

Attachment

affectional tie that bonds a person to a companion

___ promotes attachment

Oxytocin

internal working models

Infants form expectations about relationships based oninteractions with caregivers

Securely attached infants believe:

They are lovable, other people will care for them

Insecurely attached infants may conclude that:

They are difficult to love, other people are unreliable

Separation anxiety

fearful when separated from parent; peaks around 14-18 months, then becomes less frequent and intense

Stranger anxiety

fearful reaction to an unfamiliar person; occurs after infant forms first attachments

Attachment figure

a secure base for exploration and a safehaven to return to

Secure base

point of safety they can feel free to ventureaway from

Safe haven

place they can return for affection and security

strange situation experiment

eight episodes that escalate the amount of stress infants experience; determines attachment quality

Secure Attachment Attributes

• Explores the room when mom is there

• Upset by separation but greets mom warmly, comforted byher return

Resistant Attachment Attributes

• Does not venture to play when mom is there

• Distressed by separation, ambivalent to her return

Avoidant Attachment Attributes

• May play alone but not very adventurous

• Little distress from separation, indifferent when mom returns

Disorganized-disoriented Attachment Attributes

• Confused and dazed when mom returns, no consistent strategy for regulating emotions

• Associated with later emotional problems

Contact comfort

tactile sensations promoting attachment

Harlow and Zimmerman Monkey Study

• Infant monkeys fed by a wire "mom" or a cuddly cloth; preferred cloth mom, even if they received food from wire mom (Comfort > feeding)

Peer

a social equal, functions at a same behavioral level

Chumships

close childhood friendships

Co-rumination

excessive discussion of personal problems

Sociometric popularity

liked by many peers

Perceived popularity

viewed as someone with status, power, and visibility among peers; power ≠ likability

Relational aggression

subtle, indirect aggression involvinggossip, ignoring/excluding others

Cliques

small groups formed in late childhood, usuallysame-sex

Crowds

mixed-sex cliques formed in teen years

Secure Attachment History (Dating)

Healthy balance of attachment and autonomy; freedom to explore (Low anxiety, low avoidance)

Preoccupied - Resistant Attachment History (Dating)

Desperate for love to feel worthy as a person; worry about abandonment; express anxiety and anger openly. (High anxiety, low avoidance)

DISMISSING - Avoidant attachment history (Dating)

Shut out emotions; defend against hurt by avoiding intimacy. dismissing the importance of relationships, and being "compulsively self-reliant" (Low anxiety, high avoidance)

FEARFUL - Disorganized-disoriented attachment history (Dating)

Need relationships but doubt own worth and fear intimacy; lack a coherent strategy for meeting attachment needs. (High anxiety, high avoidance)

Nuclear family

consists of father, mother, and at least one child

Co-parenting

parents function as a team in raising children

Extended family

parents and children live with otherkin, combination of grandparents, aunts/uncles,cousins, etc

Reconstituted (blended) families

include at least a parent,step-parent, and child

Acceptance-responsiveness

Parents are supportive, sensitive to child's needs, providepraise when child meets their expectations

Demandingness-control

How much control lies with the parent vs child

Authoritative

parents set clear rules that are clearly enforced,explain rationale for rules

Authoritarian

parents impose many rules, expect strictobedience but rarely explain why the child should follow rules

Permissive

parents have relatively few rules and demands,encourage children to express their feelings

Neglectful

parents uninvolved in children's upbringing, seemnot to care

Boomerang children

adult children who return home; most common living situation for 18-34 = living with parents; 32% in US; 40% in Canada, Europe

Remote

geographically and emotionally distant

Companionate

see grandkids often, enjoy activities with them

Involved

companionate plus parent-like roles

Role-reversal

parent becomes the child and child becomesthe caregiver (only when parent reaches advanced age)

Americans provide care for older parents, in-laws,grandparents, etc (1/4 are millennials)

40-50+ million

Middle-generation squeeze

middle age adults pressured bydemands from children and parents at same time