BIO1005 Test - Bone Classification, Markings and Formation

Vocabulary flashcards covering bone classifications, general anatomy, bone functions, and specific bone markings, processes, and depressions from BIO1005 lecture notes.

Compact bone

Hard dense outer layer that provides strength and protection to the bone. Forms the outer shell of most bones and the shafts of long bones. Smooth, solid, high density bone tissue.

Cancellous bone

The inner, lighter, more porous tissue. Found at the ends of long bones and within other bones. Made up of trabeculae which helps reduce weight while maintaining strength.

Trabeculae

Honey comb-like structure made up of tiny bone struts.

Epiphyseal plate

Aka growth plate. Appears as a line across the bone. Made up of cartilage and turn solid after late adolescence as one stops growing. Main function is to allow for bone growth.

Ossification

Process of cartilage turning to bone.

Long bones

Consists of body and two enlarged articulated ends that are smooth and slippery, covered in articular cartilage. Ex. femur, humerus, phalanges.

Short bones

Consist mainly of cancellous bone which contains red marrow with a thin outer layer of compact bone. Ex. carpals and tarsals.

Flat bones

Consists of 2 plates of compact bone, with a middle layer between the plates containing cancellous bone (diploe) where red marrow is found. Ex. sternum, cranium, scapula, ribs.

Irregular bones

Peculiarly shaped and come in a variety of forms. Compact bone on the outside and cancellous bone containing red marrow on the inside. Ex. vertebrae, facial bones, pelvic bones.

Sesamoid bones

Very small, oval bones that develop inside and beside tendons. Protect the tendon from excessive wear. Ex. patella, 1st metatarsophalangeal joint, 1st metacarpophalangeal joint.

Osteology

The study of bones.

Axial skeleton

80 bones, forming the central axis of the body, including the skull, vertebrae column, sternum, and ribs.

Appendicular skeleton

126 bones, forming the limbs, shoulder, and pelvic girdles. Ex. humerus, scapula, clavicle, radius, ulna, ilium, femur, tibia, fibula, phalanges, carpals, tarsals.

Bone functions

Attachments for muscles, mechanical basis for movement, protection of internal organs, support frame for body, storage for calcium/phosphorus/other salts, and production of red and white blood cells.

Red marrow

Produces red and white blood cells, found in the ends of long bones.

Yellow marrow

Stores adipose (fat) cells.

Medullary Cavity

Central cavity of long bones, contains trabeculae filled with yellow marrow.

Periosteum

Tough/fibrous connective tissue that covers the outside of bones, except at articular surfaces (which are covered by cartilage).

Endosteum

Connective tissue membrane that lines the medullary cavity.

Processes or Projections (Bone Marking)

Features of bones that extend beyond or project out from the main body of a bone.

Depressions (Bone Marking)

Hollow or depressed areas in the bone.

Condyle

Rounded process at an articular end.

Coracoid/Coronoid

Beaklike/crownlike process.

Crest

Ridgelike process (e.g., iliac crest).

Epicondyle

Projection above a condyle.

Epi-

A prefix meaning 'to sit above or over'.

Facet

Small, smooth-surfaced process which articulates with another structure.

Head

Expanded end of a long bone (e.g., femoral head).

Malleolus

Club-shaped process, located on either side of the ankle.

Protuberance/Process

Projecting prominence (e.g., elbow + shoulder).

Spine (bone marking)

Sharp process (e.g., spine of the scapula).

Styloid

Long pointed process.

Trochanter

Either of the 2 large, rounded and elevated processes of the proximal femur. Greater or lesser.

Tubercle

Small, rounded, and elevated process, often affiliated with the humerus (e.g., greater or lesser).

Tuberosity

Large, rounded, and elevated process.

Fissure

Cleft or deep groove.

Foramen

Hole in a bone for transmission of vessels and nerves.

Fossa

A depression, such as the pituitary/sella turcica, located at the base of the cranium below the brain, protecting and housing the pituitary gland.

Meatus

Tube-like passageway through a bone

Notch

Indentation in the border of a bone.

Sinus

Recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space.