European Religious History: Reformation, Counter-Reformation, and Jesuit Spiritual Exercises

Who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)?

Ignatius Loyola

What is the main focus of Ignatius Loyola's Spiritual Exercises?

Spiritual growth and training for individuals

What significant event did Martin Luther initiate in 1517?

The Protestant Reformation

What was the primary concern of Luther regarding salvation?

Assurance of salvation through justification by grace alone through faith

What was the purpose of the Council of Trent?

To address issues of church doctrine and reform within the Catholic Church

What does the term 'Filioque' refer to?

The controversy over the phrase 'and the Son' in the Nicene Creed

What was the outcome of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648?

It ended the Thirty Years' War and established a new political order in Europe

What was the role of the Inquisition in the Catholic Church?

To suppress dissent and heresy, particularly in Spain and Italy

What was the significance of the Council of Nicaea in 325 CE?

It addressed the nature of the Trinity and established key Christian doctrines

What was the main goal of Matteo Ricci's mission in China?

To convert the social elite to Christianity and promote Catholicism's compatibility with Confucianism

What does Anabaptist mean?

Re-baptizers; they believed in believer's baptism and rejected infant baptism

What was the significance of the Fourth Crusade?

It resulted in the sacking of Constantinople and further decline of the Byzantine Empire

What was the Elizabethan compromise?

A middle ground between Protestant theology and Catholic practices in England

What did the term 'scholastic theology' refer to?

The theological method that emphasizes reason and systematic analysis, prominent in the Middle Ages

What was the impact of the printing press on the Reformation?

It facilitated the spread of Reformation ideas and literature, including Luther's writings

Who was Augustine of Hippo?

A significant theologian whose writings influenced Christian doctrine, especially on grace and salvation

What was the significance of the martyrdom of Perpetua?

It highlighted the early Christian experience of persecution and faith

What was the main theological emphasis of John Calvin?

Double predestination and the importance of church discipline

What was the primary focus of the Jesuits in their mission?

To empower individuals to act in the world through spiritual training and education

What does the term 'monasticism' refer to?

A religious way of life characterized by asceticism and communal living, often in monasteries

What was the impact of the fall of Constantinople in 1453?

It marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of Ottoman control in the region

What was the significance of the Great Schism of 1054?

It resulted in the division between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church

What was the role of the papacy during the Middle Ages?

It gained significant political and spiritual authority, influencing European politics and society

What were the main causes of the Thirty Years' War?

Religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants, evolving into a power struggle among European states

What was the purpose of the 'Annotations' in Ignatius Loyola's Spiritual Exercises?

To provide guidelines for spiritual directors in guiding individuals through the exercises

What was the primary method of daily reflection in Ignatius's Spiritual Exercises?

The 'Particular and Daily Examine'