AP World History Barron's Set

Hominids (Period 1)

appeared 3-4 million years ago in southern and eastern Africa, human like creatures called primates, Mary and Louis Leakey found fossils in Great Rift Valley, Lucy an Australopithecine fossil, found in 1974.

Homo sapiens (Period 1)

modern humans, emerged 100,000-200,000 years ago, neanderthal is the earliest variant, Cromagon is more advanced.

Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age) (Period 1)

predates agricultural societies, extended families grew into clans, turned into tribes with chiefs and leaders, organized warfare with advanced weapons, ability to control fire, worship of deities, expression through art and music.

Pastoral Society (Period 1)

typically nomadic, focused on herds, not as high as agriculture but higher than hunters and gathers, various societies developed through Afro-Eurasia depending on local plants and animals, created a problem with overgrazing which caused some erosion.

Neolithic Era(Origins) (Period 1)

10,000 and 8,000 BCE, called new stone age, domestication if animals and crops, slash and burn

Neolithic Era(Culture) (Period 1)

agriculture allowed for a food surplus, which in turn led to an increase in population, Jericho was the first Neolithic Village, early industries developed in pottery, metallurgy, and textiles.

Bantu Migrations (Period 1)

movement of Africans across the continent of Africa, each village was ruled by a council.

Bronze Age (Period 1)

metallurgy originated with the use of copper in the neolithic era

Hittites (Period 1)

A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, they vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria.

Mesopotamia (Period 1)

the land between the rivers, Tigris and Euphrates, on the Eastern part of the Fertile Cresent

Inter regional Trade Between Mesopotamia and Egypt

specialized labor, natural resources, wood.

Nile River Civilization (Period 1)

Egypt and Sudan; fertile land and ruled by pharaohs or god-kings under a polytheistic belief

Hammurabi's Code (Period 1)

a set of 282 laws that dealt with almost every part of daily life

Assyrian Empire (Period 1)

this empire covered much of what is now Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Anatolia; its height was during the seventh and eighth centuries BCE

Iron Metallurgy (Period 1)

Extraction of iron from its ores. allowed for cheaper stronger production of weapons and tools. More abundant than tin and copper

Patriarchal Society (Period 1)

society in which men rule their families, and people trace their origins through male ancestors

Origins of Writing (Period 1)

Cuneiform, the earliest known writing, originated in Mesopotamia.
• Record keeping for trade purposes became necessary as society became increasingly more complex.
• Sumerians developed a writing system based on pictures (pictographs) in which symbols were made on wet clay and then baked.
• Egyptians developed hieroglyphs—symbols that represent sounds and ideas.
• One example of job specialization was the scribe, who prepared legal and other documents (developed as an occupation).

Hebrews (Period 1)

the ethnic group claiming descent from Abraham and Isaac (especially from Isaac's son Jacob)

Phoenicians (Period 1)

located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds rather than symbols like cuneiform

Indus River Civilization (Period 1)

(c. 3300-1700 BCE, flourished 2600-1900 BCE), was an ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river valleys primarily in what is now Pakistan and western India, parts of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan; major cities were Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

Indo-European languages (Period 1)

a family (or phylum) of several hundred related languages and dialects,[1] including most major languages of Europe, Iran, and northern India, and historically also predominant in Anatolia and Central Asia.

Aryans (Period 1)

nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system

Vedic Age (Period 1)

A period in the history of India; It was a period of transition from nomadic pastoralism to settled village communities, with cattle the major form of wealth.

Caste System (Period 1)

a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society

Yellow River Civilization - Xia Dynasty (Period 1)

Huang He means Yellow River and refers to the light-colored loess soil that it picks up and deposits on the riverbank.
Unpredictable flooding led to its nickname, China''s Sorrow.
Regular rains and fertile soil eliminated the need for an extensive irrigation system and, instead, water-control systems were developed.
Xia dynasty first attempted to organize public life on a large scale - it established the precedent for hereditary monarchial rule in China.
Legendary founder, Yu, initiated flood-control projects, organized large-scale public works, and set up formal government.

Shang Dynasty (Period 1)

Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting.

Zhou Dynasty (Period 1)

the longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced.

Mandate of Heaven (Period 1)

a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source

Silk Production (Period 1)

A Chinese invention that became a luxury product in high demand, which was a valuable good for Chinese trade on the Silk Road

Chavin (Period 1)

the first major South American civilization, which flourished in the highlands of what is now Peru from about 900 to 200 B.C.

Farming and Irrigation (Period 1)

Using water to help farm more efficiently Started in the middle east to china

Olmecs (Period 1)

(1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mexican civilization,lived in rainforests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples, carried on trade with other groups.priests/aristocrats were at the top of society, built a ceremonial center, wroshiped the jaguar and werejaguar, best remains are the stone carved heads at la venta, use of calendar, spread through trade, known for art, most important legacy was priestly leadership and devotion

Warring States (Period 2)

time of warfare between regional lords following the decline of the Zhou dynasty in the 8th century B.C.E.

Mayan Civilization (Period 2)

a member of a major pre-Columbian civilization of the Yucatán Peninsula that reached its peak in the 9th century a.d. and produced magnificent ceremonial cities with pyramids, a sophisticated mathematical and calendar system, hieroglyphic writing, and fine sculpture, painting, and ceramics.

Teotihuacan (Period 2)

first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".

Archaemenid Empire (Period 2)

Cyrus first built an empire that spread past the borders of Iraq, then Darius took over and made it bigger having one of the largest empires of his time

Achaemenid Administration (Period 2)

administration
satraps: Persian governors
taxes, coins, and laws - formal taxes, standardization of coins and laws
roads and communications - Persian Royal Road and postal stations

Persian Wars (Period 2)

Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus.

Classical Persia

strong, centralized government led to the development of a new class of educated bureaucrats

Economics of Classical Persia (Period 2)

Agriculture was the foundation of the Persian economy—surpluses were necessary to support military forces, government administrators, and residents in the cities.
• Empire controlled fertile land in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia, and northern India.
• Imperial court consumed almost 800,000 liters of grain per year, in addition to vegetables, fruits, meat, poultry, fish, oil, beer, wine, and textiles.
• Persian Royal Road and sea routes through the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and Arabian Sea assisted in trade throughout the empire.
• Markets in large cities, such as Babylon, also housed banks and companies that invested capital in commercial ventures.

Zoroastrianism (Period 2)

One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia.

Confucius (Period 2)

(551-479 BCE) A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history.

Confucianism (Period 2)

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

Daoism (Period 2)

A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature.

Influence of Daoism on Chinese Culture (Period 2)

Poetry focused on nature, unity in life, and paradox. Famous Daoist poet, Li Po or Li Bal. When Daoists' attempts at metallurgy and their efforts to turn to lead into gold failed, the focused their efforts towards their central gold of harmony with nature. Influence on architecture can be seen in the construction of temples in natural environments, near mountains of bodies of water. Huangdi Neijing or Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon, is an ancient Chinese medical text that is a main source for Chinese medicine today. It has been compared to the Hippocratic Corpus in Greek medicine or the works of Galen in Islamic and medieval European medicine. The book covers the theoretical foundation of Chinese Medicine and its methods for diagnosis. The text includes topics no feng shui, Qigong, acupuncture, herbal medicine, fortune telling, and astrology. The focus is on treating the whole body, not just the illness.

Legalism (Period 2)

A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service.

Qin Dynasty (Period 2)

the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall

Shi Huangdi (Period 2)

Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization. (163

Early Han Dynasty (Period 2)

centralized rule returned in this dynasty (it was a happy medium between Zhou decentralization and Qin overcentralization) Adopted Legalist policies with bureaucracy.

Emperor Wudi (Period 2)

emperor under the Han Dynasty that wanted to create a stronger central government by taking land from the lords, raising taxes and places the supply of grain under the government's control

Later Han Dynasty and Fall (Period 2)

Separated from the former Han, as a result of a temporary loss of power from 9 to 23 C.E., the later Han lasted from 25 to 220 C.E. Moved capital from Chang'an east to Luoyang. Inequitable land distribution led to increased banditry and rebellions led by disgruntled peasants. Rise in epidemics led to the Yellow Turban uprising (rebels wore yellow headgear representing their peasant status and ties to the earth), government used the military to suppress rebellions but the collective efforts of peasants weakened the Han Dynasty--factions developed in courts that affected the central government.

Mauryan Dynasty (Period 2)

first ruler was Chandragupta Maurya; unified much of the entire subcontinent; large armies with thousands of chariots and elephant borne troops; developed a substantial bureaucracy with a postal service; autocratic government

Gupta Dynasty (Period 2)

Indian Empire (320 CE-550 CE) known for re-establishing Hinduism and for achievements in math and science.

Jainism (Period 2)

a religion founded in India in the sixth century BC, whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore shouldn't be harmed. Mahavira founded this religion.

Buddhism (Period 2)

the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth

Hinduism (Period 2)

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

Mycenaeans (Period 2)

a group of people who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.; leading city called Mycenae which could withstand any attack; nobles lived in splendor; these people invaded many surrounding kingdoms

Polis (Period 2)

A city-state in ancient Greece.

Sparta (Period 2)

A powerful Greek miliary polis that was often at war with Athens. Used slaves known as helots to provide agricultural labor.

Athens (Period 2)

A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.

Macedonian Empire (Period 2)

Supplied Greeks with grain, timber, and natural resources in exchange for olives, wine, and finished products.
Alexander led an army of approximately 37,000 to invade the Persian Empire.
By 331 BCE, Alexander controlled Ionia, Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Mesopotamia.
When Alexander died, the empire was divided among his top three generals.

Hellenistic Empire (Period 2)

The area left after Alexander of Macedonia passed away; period of massive Greek influence; included Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece and India.

Olympics (Period 2)

An ancient Greek festival in honor of the god Zeus, which took place every four years and featured competitions in athletics and poetry.

Greek Philosophy-Socrates (Period 2)

Socrates developed a method of questioning aimed at exposing ethics and morality through a series of increasingly difficult questions; his student Plato recorded his thoughts in a series of writings called dialogues.
• Socrates suggested that honor was more important than wealth and fame and stressed the importance of personal integrity: "The unexamined life is not worth living."
• Charged with encouraging immorality, Socrates was tried by Athenian citizens in 399 B.C.E. He was sentenced to death and chose to drink hemlock, a poison.

Greek Philosophy-Aristotle (Period 2)

Plato believed that everything was based on ideal forms or ideas. In reality, definitions were not absolute because virtue, honesty, courage, truth, and beauty all meant different things in different situations.
Had an impact on the development of the Republic in Rome.
Aristotle, a disciple of Plato (teacher of Aristotle), rejected the theory of forms and ideas; he believed people could depend on their senses and reason to answer the mysteries of the world.
Taught Alexander the Great, a Macedon.

Hellenistic Philosophies (Period 2)

-Epicureans: pleasures in moderation (different from Hedo.)
-Skeptics: doubted possibilty of certainty in anything
-Stoics: duty, virtue, emphasis on inner peace, Cicerio
-Hedonists: go after pleasure without another thought

Roman Republic (Period 2)

Government ruled by a senate, spoke Latin, and borrowed heavily from Greek culture. They militarily expanded their territory for centuries but the senate eventually was overthrown by an imperial system.

Julius Caesar (Period 2)

Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assassinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power

Expansion of Roman Empire (Period 2)

During the republic, the empire included Italy, Greece, Syria, Gaul, most of the Iberian Peninsula, and outposts in North Africa and Anatolia; Augustus added most of southeastern Europe and most of North Africa and increased control in Anatolia and southwestern Asia; at its height, the empire included Britain and all of the land surrounding the northern and southern coast of the Mediterranean from Iberia to Mesopotamia.
• As Roman soldiers, diplomats, governors, and merchants settled throughout the empire, Roman culture spread, encouraging the development of local politics and economies; cities such as Paris, Lyons, Cologne, Mainz, London, Toledo, and Segovia sprang up.
• Augustus's rule brought a period known as the Pax Romana (Roman peace), which lasted for two and a half centuries and allowed the empire to experience a golden age.

Roman Roads (Period 2)

allowed for better military transportation and facilitated trade throughout their empire. Cities grew larger and more powerful. Appian Way, 53,000 miles make up all the Roman roads, User-contributed everyone could share supplies, 55,000 miles of roads, communication, soldiers

Roman Law (Period 2)

this Roman contribution delt mostly with the rights of Roman citizens; one belief was that it should be fair and equal to all people

Trade in the Mediterranean (Period 2)

Grain from latifundia in North Africa, Egypt, and Sicily supported large cities in the empire and was also used for trade with Greece (for olives and vines) and with Syria and Palestine (for fruits, nuts, and wool fabrics); trade facilitated crop specialization throughout the climatically diverse empire.
The sea supported trade from the ports in Syria and Palestine to Spain and North Africa.
The Roman army and navy kept the seas safe for transportation of goods - Romans called the Mediterranean mare nostrum (our sea).
Merchants were also responsible for promoting cultural diffusion and a sense of community throughout the empire.

Jesus (Period 2)

A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices. He was executed as a revolutionary by the Romans. He is the basis of the world's largest religion.

Early Christianity (Period 2)

Generally defined as the time between the Crucifixion of Jesus (c. 30 C.E.) and the First Council of Nicaea. (325 C.E)
Christians would not worship Roman gods.
Worshipped a single God.
Appealed to the lower classes (urban dwellers and women).
Encouraged men and women to lead faithful lives that would, in turn, lead to their salvation.

Silk Road (Period 2)

An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.

Fall of Roman Empire (Period 2)

The fall of this empire was precipitated by Germanic attacks and toward the mid fifth century barbarian chieftains replaced roman emperors. Rome and Western Europe was overrun by the German tribes but they respected the Roman culture and learned from their roman sunjects. Some Roman government and cultural ideas survived and blended with Germanic culture.

Germanic Invasions (Period 2)

Ended imperial Roman power in Western Europe by 476 C.E.; power later shifts to Byzantium in the east.
Nomadic Germanic tribes-Visigoths, Huns (led by Attila), Ostrogoths, Vandals, and Franks-encountered little effective resistance.
Controlled the western half of the Roman Empire: Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain, and North Africa.
Led to decentralized rule and to the establishment of the feudal system.

Early Byzantine Empire (Period 2)

Emperor Constantine accepted Christianity in 313 C.E. He then relocated the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in the east because the eastern Mediterranean was wealthier and the move allowed him to spy on enemies in the east.
With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the eastern half became known as the Byzantine Empire and included lands in Greece, the Balkans, Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and northeastern Africa.
The young empire boasted roads and communication systems.
Emperors were above the law, claiming divine rights.
Emperors used political power to sway public opinion regarding religious issues.

Justinian's Code (Period 2)

Laws of the byzantine empire based the twelve tables of Roman law, became a basis for laws in many European nations

Byzantine Economy and Society (Period 2)

Lower Danube region was the breadbasket of the empire.
Byzantine government prevented wealthy classes from seizing peasants' lands. The wealthy could buy exemptions from taxes.
Craftsmen were highly respected for their handiwork in the areas of glassware, gems jewelry (including gold and silver), and mosaics (used to decorate churches).
Architectural gems - Hagia Sophia (first a church, later a mosque).
Byzantine government recognized the importance of the silk industry (a trade borrowed from the Chinese) and, subsequently, closely supervised silk production and sale.
Trade was very important to the empire as a direct result of its location; merchants were especially respected.

Legacy of Classical Greece (Period 2)

Greek replaced Latin as the official language of the Byzantine Empire.
Modeled after Greece's, the empire's government-organized school system offered basic reading, writing, and grammar, followed by classical Greek literature, philosophy, and science, providing an educated workforce for the bureaucracy.
Byzantine scholars, like the Greeks, focused on literature, history, and philosophy; their legacy was the preservation of Greek culture.
Byzantine preservation of Greek culture was transmitted back to western Europe during the Crusades.

Fall of the Byzantine Empire (Period 2)

Turks invaded from the east and conquered Constantinople (later renamed Istanbul) in 1453.
In 1071, the Byzantines lost most of Anatolia (their breadbasket), which led to their ultimate demise (they had no food source).

Byzantium and Russia (Period 2)

Russia created several trading centers, including Kiev along the Dnieper River.
• In 989 C.E., Prince Vladimir of Kiev converted to Orthodox Christianity as a result of his exposure to Byzantium; his subjects followed.
• Other Byzantine influences included the Cyrillic alphabet, writing, codified laws, and art and architecture (for example, onion domes).
• After Constantinople fell, Russia named Moscow the world's third Rome—insinuating that they had inherited the imperial power, as the Byzantines had inherited it from the Romans.
• Center of Orthodox Christianity shifts northward from Constantinople to Moscow.

Horses in Central Asia (Period 2)

important for military in Mongolian armies

Spread of Epidemic Diseases (Period 2)

Smallpox and measles were the most pervasive; bubonic plague also broke out.
Problem: epidemics devastated communities because they had no immunities and no medicines to fight against them.
Smallpox devastated the Roman Empire - reduced population by approximately one-quarter during the 2nd century BCE.
The bubonic plague, or Black Death, started in China and spread to Europe along trade routes in the early 1330s. It killed an estimated 25 million people, or one-third of Europe's population.
Epidemics led to social change; trade declined, and people learned to be self-sufficient.

Lateen Sail (Period 2)

Triangular sail that was developed in Indian Ocean trade that allowed a ship to sail against the wind.

Sternpost Rudder (Period 2)

invented in China during the Han Dynasty, the sternpost rudder allowed for better navigation and control of ships of increasing size. The Europeans received it through trade.

Dhows (Period 2)

Large ships favored by Indian, Persian, and Arab sailors that could carry up to four hundred tons of cargo.

Magnetic Compass (Period 2)

Chinese invention that aided navigation by showing which direction was north

Muhammad (Period 3)

the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)

Expansion of Islam (Period 3)

Work of early caliphs who spread the word through pilgrimages / 633-637, Muslims took control of the Byzantine Syria and Palestine and seized most of the Mesopotamia from the Sassanids / 640, Muslims conquered Byzantine Egypt and North Africa / 651, Muslims controlled the Sassanid dynasty and Persia / 781 Muslims controlled Hindu India, north Africa, and the lberian Peninsula / Muslims allowed conquered people (especially Christians and Jews) to maintain their own religious practices but required those who did not convert to Islam to pay a tax (jizya) / Positions of power and authority were reserved for Muslims

Abbasid Dynasty (Period 3)

Muslim dynasty after Ummayd, a dynasty that lasted about two centuries that had about 150 years of Persia conquer and was created by Mohammad's youngest uncle's sons

Trade within Eastern Hemisphere (Period 3)

o Commercial centers in Nishapur, Bukhara, and Samarkand facilitated the revival of trade over the Silk Road (perpetuated by Muslims).
o Classical roads, originally commissioned by India and Persia and revived by Muslims, provide quick and efficient travel through the Dar al-Islam
o Overland trade was conducted by camel caravan (camels are better suited to deserts than horses or donkeys).
o Caravanseries provided lodging, food, and water for traveling merchants and their animals.
o Technological advances: such as the compass, the lateen sail, and the astrolabe, led to increasing travel in the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, and Indian Ocean.
o Abbasids encouraged larger-scale trade by reinstituting letters of credit- sakk (checks, and idea later used in Europe).

Indian Ocean Trade Network (Period 3)

Network traversed by dhows that connected the ports around the Indian Ocean in East Africa, Arabia, and western India.

The Qur'an and Women (Period 3)

The Qur'an helped and hurt women.
• Improved the security of women in Arabian society: outlawed female infanticide and ruled that dowries go to brides (not husbands).
• Described women as honorable individuals equal to men, not property.
• Both the Qur'an and sharia emphasized male dominance: descent through the male line, male inheritance, strict control of women by male guardians.
• Social customs were influenced by Islamic beliefs: men were permitted to take up to four wives (polygamy), women were veiled in public.

Influences on the Dar al-Islam (Persian, Indian, and Greek) (Period 3)

House of Islam, Greek, Persian, Chinese and Indian influences, and agricultural influences

Islam in Northern India (Period 3)

Muslim forces reached India by the mid-7th century.
Muslim merchants reached the northern and southern coasts of india; Islam was spread easily using connections established through relationships with Arabs and Persians prior to Muhammad.
Migrations and invasions of Turkish-speaking people from central Asia.
Mahmud Ghazni, the Turkish leader in Afghanistan, destroyed hundreds of Hindu and Buddhist sites; Buddhism's decline ironically did not tarnish Islam's reputation with Indians.
Sultans ruled punjab to the Ganges valley from 1206 to 1526.

Sui Dynasty (Period 3)

(589-618 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was like the Qin Dynasty in imposing tight political discipline; this dynasty built the Grand Canal which helped transport the rice in the south to the north.

Tang Dynasty (1) (Period 3)

dynasty often referred to as China's Golden age that reigned during 618 - 907 AD; China expands from Vietnam to Manchuria

Tang Dynasty (2) (Period 3)

(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.