(Edited) Speech Anatomy Final

Where is the limbic system found?

On the inner border of the cerebrum (between the hemispheres), above the diencephalon

What is the main function of the cerebellum?

Balance and coordination

Two hemispheres of the cerebrum

right and left

what separates the brain's hemispheres

longitudinal fissure

How do the two hemispheres communicate

corpus callosum

What are the three types of fibers of the cerebrum?

Projection - convey/receive information from remote regions to cortex

Association - interconnect regions in same hemisphere, ex: Arcuate fasciculus

Commissural - interconnect areas in one hemisphere to other (Corpus Callossum)

Broca's area is located in

left frontal lobe

Broca's area function

speech production

Wernicke's area location

left temporal lobe

Wernicke's area function

language comprehension

Broca vs wernicke neumonic: BLondes For President? We Can't Let Them!

(to all my blonde friends I am so sorry I'm just desperate for acronyms)

Broca Left Frontal Production

Wernicke Comprehension Left Temporal

Primary motor cortex location

frontal lobe

Primary sensory cortex location

parietal lobe

Basal ganglia function

Receives input from most of cerebral cortex, especially motor area

-Regulates motor function

Why is the limbic system considered primitive

holds autonomic nervous system, which is the automatic, fight or flight system, emotion and memory systems

what do lesions of the basal ganglia cause

Hypokinetic movement disorders, such as parkinsonism, in which movement becomes infrequent, slow, rigid; Hyperkinetic movements disorders such as Huntington's disease, which are characterised by dance like involuntary movements.

What do lesions of the cerebellum cause

motor movement disorders as ataxia tremors and ataxic dysarthria

Three layers of the meninges (inner to outer) (PAD)

piameter, arachnoid mater, and dura meter (

What are the ventricles of the brain

Cavities CSF flows through. 2 lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle

chloroid plexus

produces CSF

CSF function

buoyancy

protection: shock absorption

homeostasis: distribute substances between brain cells

clearing waste: removed into bloodstream

circle of willis

A circle of arteries at the base of the brain that supply blood to the brain

What two pairs of arteries supply the structures of the brain?

Carotid arteries + vertebral arteries

Axon vs dendrites of a neuron

Axon is the "ranch" of a neuron--what the message travels along. Covered by myelin and nodes of Ranvier. Dendrites receive signal and supply it to the axon.

Myelin

a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses

What is a synapse?

Gap between neurons

What is released into the synapse

neurotransmitters

Cranial Nerves

12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain

Cranial Nerve neumonic

On Old Olympus' Towering Top A Friend, Ariana Grande, Voiced Songs Hopefully

Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Auditory, Glossopharyngeal, Vegus, Sensory Hypoglossal

olfactory nerve

the nerve that carries smell impulses from the nose to the brain

optic nerve

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

oculomotor nerve

eye movement

trochlear nerve

eye movement

trigeminal nerve function

sensory: face, teeth, tongue

motor: muscles of mastication

abducens nerve function

lateral eye movement

facial nerve function

facial expression, taste

Auditory nerve function

sends messages from cochlea to the brain (cerebrum)

glossopharyngeal nerve function

Sensory-Taste, respiration, blood pressure

Motor- Swallowing & gagging

vagus nerve function

Taste, hunger, and GI Tract

sensory cranial nerve function

include special senses such as vision and general senses such as touch and pain (ex: optic, olfactory)

hypoglossal nerve function

tongue movement

What physical protection does the external auditory meatus (Ex) provide?

Hair cells + cerum (earwax) trap germs + outer enemies

Bones of the middle ear

malleus, incus, stapes (ossicles)

Smallest muscles of the body

stapedius and tensor tympani

Stapedius

the muscle attached to the stapes; tensing the stapedius decreases vibration

tensor tympani

the muscle attached to the malleus; tensing the tensor tympani decreases vibration

Membrane between scala vestibuli and scala media

vestibular membrane/ Reissner's membrane

Membrane between scala media and scala tympani

basilar membrane

Function of the outer ear

collecting sound and sending it to the eardrum through the auditory canal

What is the function of the middle ear?

Matches airborne acoustic signal with fluid medium of cochlea

-tympanic membrane vibrates, stimulates malleus, incus, stapes, eventual mechanical energy

impedance matching device

term used to refer to the primary function of the middle ear; it must to overcome the difference in impedances of the fluid-filled cochlea and the air-filled middle ear. The middle ear boosts acoustic energy by approximately 30 -33 dB to overcome the impedance mismatch.

What is the function of the Eustachian tube?

Equalize pressure in the middle ear with the outside atmosphere

-angled for drainage

What is the function of the vestibular system?

controls posture and balance

-understands where the head is in the world

utricle and saccule

Organs of vestibular system

Utricle purpose

Lies in horizontal plane; detects static displacements and linear accelerations (tilting and translational)

Saccule function

detects vertical acceleration

crista ampullaris

A specialized receptor located within the semicircular canals that detects head movements

function of the inner ear

convert mechanical sound waves to neural impulses that can be recognized by the brain for hearing and balance

Fluid of the Scala media

endolymph

fluid in scala tympani + vestibuli

perilymph

Three types of hearing impairment

conductive, sensorineural, mixed

Conductive hearing impairment

Outer or middle ear

Sensorineural hearing loss

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness

-Inner ear

Mixed hearing loss

combination of sensorineural and conductive hearing loss

Hair cells activated by high frequency tones

Base of the basilar membrane

Hair cells activated by low frequency tones

Apex of basilar membrane

Function of the basilar membrane

acts as a spectral analyzer that translates vibration frequencies within the cochlear fluid pressure waves into positions of maximal displacement along its length.

cochlear nerve

the branch of the auditory nerve that transmits auditory information from the cochlea to the brain

Concha

the concave shell of the ear; the deepest depression of the ear

Tragus

Cartilaginous projection anterior to the external opening of the ear

external auditory meatus

ear canal