CH. 6 Bone Tissue - Dr. Jones

osteoprogenitor cells

Bone-forming cells originate from __. (bone stem cell)

skeletal cartilage

made of highly resilient, molded cartilage tissue that consists primarily of water; contain no blood vessels or nerves

perichondrium

dense connective tissue surrounding cartilage like a girdle

-helps cartilage resist outward expansion

-contain blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage

chondrocytes

what cartilage is made up of; cells encased in small lacunae within jelly-like extracellular matrix

hyaline cartilage

most prominent and abundant cartilage

-provides support, flexibility, resilience

hyaline cartilage

cartilage found in:

-Articular (joints)

-costal (ribs)

-respiratory (larynx & respiratory pathways)

-nasal cartilage (external nose)

elastic cartilage

similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains both collagen and elastic fibers

elastic cartilage

cartilage found in:

-external ear

-epiglottis

fibrocartilage

thick collagen fibers that provide great tensile strength

fibrocartilage

cartilage found in:

-menisci of knee

-pubic symphysis

-intervertebral discs

appositional growth

cartilage increase in WIDTH

interstitial growth

cartilage increase in LENGTH

osteocytes

The lacunae of bone contain __.

7 functions of bone

1. Support for body + organs

2. Protection of brain, spinal cord, vital organs

3. Anchorage as levers for muscle action

4. Mineral Storage of calcium and phosphorus

5. Blood cell formation; hematopoiesis - occurs in red bone marrow

6. Triglyceride (fat) storage used for energy source stored in bone cavity

7. Hormone production of osteocalcin

206

how many bones are in the human body?

80

how many bones in axial skeleton?

126

how many bones in appendicular skeleton?

long bones

bones that are longer than they are wide eg. humerus, finger bone

short bones

bones that resemble cubes. eg. carpal, tarsals

flat bones

bones that are thin, flattened, a bit curved. eg. sternum, ribs, shoulder blade, most skull bones

irregular bones

bones with complicated shape eg. vertebral bones, hip bone

sesamoid bone

bones form within tendons

ex. patella

compact bone

dense outer layer on every bone that appears smooth and solid

spongy bone

made up of honeycomb of small needle-ike or flat pieces of bone called trabeculae

-spaces between trabeculae filled with red or yellow bone marrow

compact bone

__ are sandwiched between connective tissue membranes

periosteum

covers the OUTSIDE of compact bone

endosteum

covers INSIDE portion of compact bone

hyaline cartilage

__ covers the area of the bone that is part of a moveable joint

diaphysis

shaft of bone

epiphyses

bone ends

diaphysis

filled with yellow bone marrow in adults

epiphyseal line

remant of childhood epiphyseal plate where bone growth occurs

periosteum

white, double membrane that covers external surfaces except joints

fibrous layer

outer layer consisting of dense irregular connective tissue consisting of Sharpey’s fibers that secure to bone matrix

osteogenic layer

inner part of periosteum; contains osteogenic stem cells which give rise to most all bone cells

endosteum

covers internal bone surfaces

covers trabeculae of spongy bone, lines canals that pass thru compact bone

-also contain osteogenic cells that can differentiate into other bone cells

red bone marrow

found in newborns in their medullary cavities and all sponge bone

red bone marrow

found in adults located in heads of femur and humerus

-most active areas of hematopoiesis are flat bone diploe and some irregular bones (hipbone)

dipole

another name for spongy bone

yellow bone marrow

a tissue that may revert back to red marrow if a person needs more red blood cells (in extreme cases)

tuberosity

large rounded projection; may be roughened

trochanter

very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process eg. on femur

turbercle

small rounded projection or process

epicondyle

raised area or above condyle

groove

furrow

fissure

narrow, slit-like opening

process

any bony prominence

spine

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

head

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

facet

smooth, nearly flat articular (joint) surface

condyle

rounded articular projection; often articulates with a corresponding fossa

foramen

round or oval opening through a bone

notch

indentation at the edge of a structure

meatus

canal-like passageway

sinus

cavity within bone filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

fossa

shallow,basin-like depression in a bone

red bone marrow

Hematopoiesis occurs in

vitamin D production

what does the skeletal system NOT do?

long bone

A bone which has an epiphysis at each end is a

perforating (Sharpey's) fibers

The periosteum is attached to the underlying bone through

osteoclast

When there is too little calcium in blood, which cells begin resorption of bone to release calcium to the blood?

collagen

Bone is somewhat flexible due to the presence of

the epiphyses of long bones

Spongy bone is found in:

osteoclast

breaks down bone matrix

chondrocytes

what is found in the epiphyseal plate?

osteon

structural unit of compact bone

lamellae

layers of bone tissue; contain collagen fibers that run in different directions of adjacent rings, withstands stress and resist twisting

central canal

runs through core of osteon; provides oxygen and nutrients via blood vessels and nerve fibers

perforating canals

canals lined with endosteum that occur at right angles to central canal; poke holes in connecting osteon

canaliculi

hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other; enables communication between all osteocytes of osteon “sidewalk or street”

lacunae

small cavities containing osteocytes “house”

interstitial lamellae

lamellae that are not part of osteon, fills gaps between forming osteons

circumferential lamellae

layers of lamellae that extend around entire surface of diaphasis and AROUND and OUTSIDE the various osteons

spongy bone

appears poorly organized but organized along lines of stress to help bone resist any stress, contain trabeculae and no osteons

trabeculae

like cables on a suspension bridge, giving strength to bone… found in spongy bone

osteoid

protein of bone

hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)

calcium which contributes to hardness of bone + resistance

compression

bone is HALF as strong as steel in resisting ___

tension

bone is as strong as steel in resisting ___

ossification (osteogenesis)

process of bone tissue formation

endochondral ossification

bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

cartilage (endochondral) bone

bones formed by hyaline cartilage and provides framework for skeleton

intramembranous ossification

bone develops fibrous membrane (membrane bones)

interstitial growth

long bones grow lengthwise

appositional growth

bones increase thickness

epiphyseal plate closure

occurs when epiphysis and diaphysis close

nondisplaced fracture

fracture where ends retain normal postion

displace fracture

fracture where ends are out of norml alignment

complete fracture

broken all the way through

incomplete fracture

not broken all the way through

open (compound) fracture

skin is penetrated

closed (simple) fracture

skin is not penetrated

comminuted fracture

type of fracture

-bone fragments into 3 or more pieces

-common in older adults who have brittle bones

spiral fracture

type of fracture

-ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forced are applied to bone

-common sports fracture

-also seen in abuse cases

depressed fracture

type of fracture

-Broken bone portion is pressed inward

-typical of skull fracture

compression fracture

type of fracture

-bone is crushed

-common in porous bones (osteoporotic bone) subjected to extreme trauma like a fall

epiphyseal fracture

type of fracture

-epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate

-tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and calciication of matrix is occuring

greenstick fracture

type of fracture

-bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks.

-only one sie of shaft breaks; other side bends

-common in children whose bones are more flexible than those of adults

closed reduction

physician manipulates to correct position of broken bone

open reduction

surgical pins or wires secure ends of bone