Motor Behavior Terminology Quiz

Motor skills

the body’s ability to manage the process of movements

a continuous process of change

Development is _______ in functional capacity

related to age

Development is

sequential change

Development involves

Aging

the process that leads to loss of adaptability or full function and eventually to death

the movement changes

If any of these factors change →

Constraint

a characteristic of the individual, environment, or task that

encourages some movements while discouraging others

Structural constraints

related to the body’s structure

Functional constraints

related to behavioral function

developmentally appropriate

Newell’s Model creates ________ tasks and environments

development

Motor ________: continuous, age-related process of

change in movement

learning

Motor _______: relatively permanent gains in motor skill

capability associated with practice or experience

Skill acquisition

practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes

Theories

provide a systematic way to look and explain developmental change

Genetics & hereditary

Maturationists believe that ________________ are primarily responsible for motor development and that the environment has little effect

Internal & external

Maturation is a process controlled by _____ (genetic) factors rather than

_______ (environmental) factors

genetics & environment

Using twins in studies allowed researchers to “control” ________ while manipulating the ________

computer

The brain acts like a

standardized tests and norms

described average performance in terms of quantitative scores on motor performance tests

Genetic

Many characteristics develop at same rate in both twins, suggesting _______ factors trump environment factors

maturational

Focuses on 3 factors, not just nervous system/genes

Information processing

Movement is controlled by various parts of the nervous system, not one “executive” in the brain making all decisions

constrains behavior

The very organization of physical and chemical systems ______

Rate limiter

an individual constraint or system that holds back or slows the emergence of a motor skill

stability

infant’s muscular strength must reach a certain level before legs are strong enough to walk; rate limiter for walking = ______

affordance

describes the function an environmental object provides

to an individual (based both on their body and the on the object’s size, shape, texture, etc.)

Body scaling

the process of changing the dimensions of the environment or an environmental object in relation to the structural constraints of a performer

Genetic & extrinsic

______ and ________ factors combine to influence physical growth and aging

extrinsic

The growing embryo is also very sensitive to _______ factors

differentiation

the process wherein cells become specialized, forming specific tissues and organs

hyperplasia

an increase in the absolute number of cells

hypertrophy

an increase in the relative size of an individual cell

cephalocaudal

he direction of growth beginning at the head and extending toward the lower body

proximodistal

the direction of growth proceeding from the body toward the extremities

plasticity

modifiability or malleability; regarding growth, it is the ability of tissues to subsume functions otherwise carried out by other tissues

more likely

with Adequate food supply, clean environment, and Access to early prenatal care ________ to meet the needs of the fetus, and to be at lower risk for illnesses and infections that might compromise the health of the fetus

Low birth weight

infants (less than 2500 g) are at greater risk of disease, infection, and death in the weeks after birth than are normal-weight infants

Congenital defects

anomalies present at birth, regardless of whether their causes are genetic or extrinsic

Dominant

disorders result when one parent passes on a defective gene (e.g., Huntington’s disease)

Recessive

disorders occur in children who inherit a defective gene from each parent (e.g., sickle cell anemia)

increases with maternal age

Potential for genetic damage to sex cells

teratogen

any drug or chemical agent that causes abnormal development in a fetus upon exposure

continuous

physical growth and development as a _____________ process that begins at conception

Sigmoid curve

The pattern of overall body growth is a ______

early

______ childhood = sex differences are minimal

later

_____ childhood = girls mature faster than boys

Age at takeoff

_______ is the age at which the rate of growth begins to increase

Extrinsic

Weight is very susceptible to _________ factors

differential

Specific body parts, tissues, and organs have _________ rates of growth

80%

The brain achieves more than ____ of its adult weight by the time the individual reaches age 4

10%

Only _____ of skeletal muscle mass is lost on average between the mid-20s and age 50

Secondary sex characteristics

_________ are aspects of form or structure appropriate to males or females, often used to assess physiological maturity in adolescents

Catch up growth

______ is relatively rapid physical growth of the body to recover some or all potential growth lost during a period of negative extrinsic influence. It occurs once the negative influence is removed

Spinal column

Some decrease results from the compression and flattening of the body’s connective tissues, especially the cartilage pads between the vertebrae in the ________

extrinsic

As we age, _________ factors contribute more and more to the variability we see among individuals

living tissue

The skeletal system is defines an individual’s structure; however, it is a ______

Ossification

______: the natural process of bone formation

Center outward

primary ossification centers are areas in the midportion of the shafts of long bones where bone cells are formed so that the cartilage-model bones of the fetal skeleton begin ossifying, from the ___________, to form bone shaft

grow in length

The secondary ossification centers (epiphyseal plates) are the areas near the ends of long bones where new bone cells are formed and deposited so that the bones ________

younger

Various ossification centers appear at younger chronological ages in girls than in boys, but epiphyseal plates close at __________ ages in girls

osteoporosis

______ is a major bone mineral disorder characterized by a bone mineral density significantly below the average

porous

As the bone becomes ________, it increases the risk of fractures and complicates fracture repair

higher

The incidence of osteoporosis is _____ in older adult women than in men

hypertrophy

After birth, muscle growth occurs predominantly by _________

Male

Muscle mass increases rapidly up to

~17 years (~54% of body weight)

Female

Muscle mass increases rapidly up to

~13 years (~45% of body weight)

at both sides