Unit 4: Vasculature of the Body

Internal Thoracic Arteries

Arise as branches from the left and right subclavian arteries. They course distally along the internal thoracic wall just lateral to the sternum supplying internal thoracic tissues and intercostal muscles.

common carotid arteries, vertebral arteries

The blood supply to the head and neck is derived from what arteries?

Right Common Carotid Artery

A branch off of the brachiocephalic trunk.

Left Common Carotid Artery

A branch off of the aortic arch.

External Carotid Arteries

Branch from the common carotids and ascend through the neck posterior to the ramus of the mandible.

8 branches (6 direct, 2 terminal)

The external carotids give off a total of how many branches?

Stop Alcohol Late Friday Or Puke More Saturday

What is the pneumonic phrase for the 8 branches of the external carotid?

Internal Carotid Arteries

Branch from the common carotid, ascend through the neck and enter the cranial cavity by traversing the carotid canal.

Vertebral Arteries

Branch from the subclavian arteries and ascend through the neck by coursing through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae (small holes in the transverse processes of the vertebrae).

Foramen Magnum

The left and right vertebral arteries each converge medially and enter the cranial cavity by traversing what?

Basilar artery

Both vertebral arteries come together to form what artery that courses along the basilar (cilvus) portion of the occipital bone within the cranial cavity?

Circle of Willis

Internal Carotid Arteries and Vertebral Arteries form what together?

Anterior Cerebral arteries, Middle Cerebral arteries, Posterior Cerebral arteries

The Circle of Willis gives rise to what arteries?

Posterior and Anterior communicating arteries

What is the Circle of Willis completed by?

Anterior Cerebral Arteries

Course within the sagittal (longitudinal) fissure between the left and right cerebral hemispheres. They supply the dorsal (superior) portion of the brain.

Middle Cerebral Arteries

Course within the lateral sulcus between the temporal and parietal lobes and supply the lateral areas of the brain.

Posterior Cerebral Arteries

Course within the transverse fissure between the cerebrum and cerebellum and supply the posterior/inferior portions of the brain.

Posterior Intercostal Arteries

Arise as small branches from the descending aorta and course laterally between the ribs. These blood vessels supply the skin of the lateral and anterior chest wall as well as the intercostal muscles.

Aorta

Blood supply to the upper limb is derived from branches off what?

Brachiocephalic Trunk

The first main branch off the aorta which courses to the right.

Right Common Carotid Artery, Right Subclavian Artery

What does the Brachiocephalic Trunk bifurcate into?

Right Subclavian Artery

Courses to the right upper limb

Left Subclavian Artery

The final branch off the aortic arch which supplies the left upper limb.

Subclavian arteries

Course between the clavicles and the first ribs.

Axillary Arteries

What do the Subclavian arteries change their name into as they cross over the inferior border of the first rib?

6

Axillary Arteries course through the axilla (armpit) and give off how many total branches which supply the shoulder region?

Circumflex Humeral Arteries

Has small anterior and posterior branches from the axillary artery. They course around the surgical neck of the humerus and provide blood supply around the shoulder joint.

Brachial Arteries

What do the axillary arteries change their name into as they reach the inferior border of the Teres Major muscle, which course distally along the medial side of the arm?

Profunda Brachii Artery

Arises as a large branch from the brachial artery and courses posterior to the humerus. It courses distally along the posterior surface of the arm between the medial and lateral heads of triceps brachii and supplies the posterior tissues of the arm.

Radial Artery, Ulnar Artery

The brachial artery terminates anterior to the elbow by bifurcating into what?

Radial Artery

Courses distally along the lateral surface of the forearm

Ulnar Artery

Courses distally along the medial surface of the forearm

Superficial Palmar Arch

When the Ulnar artery courses anterior to the wrist and terminates in the palm of the hand, what does it form?

Ulnar artery forms Superficial Arch

What does USA mean?

anatomical snuff box

The Radial artery courses posterior to the thumb by passing through the ___ ___ ___ and then courses into the palm of the hand.

Deep Palmar Arch

The radial artery terminates in the palm of the hand by forming what?

Radial artery forms the Deep Arch

What does RDA mean?

Descending (Abdominal) Aorta

Enters the abdomen by traversing the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm at the level of the 14th thoracic vertebrae (T12).

abdomen

The descending aorta gives off many branches that supply the organs and viscera of the ___ before terminating at the level of the 4th lumbar vertebrae (L4).

Celiac Trunk

A short vessel that arises from the aorta immediately below the aortic opening of the diaphragm.

Celiac Plexus

The Celiac Trunk is embedded within the dense meshwork of nerves that constitute what?

Left Gastric artery, Splenic artery, Common Hepatic artery

What branches does the Celiac Trunk give off?

liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, stomach, duodenum

Branches of the celiac trunk supply the tissues of what?

Superior Mesenteric artery

Arises from the aorta just below the celiac trunk. It descends in front of the lower part of the duodenum, enters the mesentery and supplies the small intestine.

small intestine, large intestine

The Superior Mesenteric artery gives off Jejunal and Ileal Branches to the ___ ___, and the Ileocolic, Right Colic and Middle colic arteries to the ___ ___.

Renal Arteries

Branch from the descending abdominal aorta and course laterally where they enter into the hilum of the kidneys.

Renal veins

Blood flowing into the kidneys through the renal arteries is filtered of impurities and returned to the circulatory system via what?

Gonadal Arteries

AKA testicular or ovarian arteries. They arise as small branches from the descending aorta and continue to course inferiorly to supply the reproductive organs.

Inferior Mesenteric Artery

Arises from the aorta a few centimeters above its bifurcation. It courses to the distal portion of the large intestine and branches into the Left Colic, Sigmoid and Superior Rectal Arteries.

Common Iliac Arteries

The descending aorta terminates at the level of the 4th lumbar vertebrae by bifurcating into the left and right what?

Internal and External Iliac Arteries

The common iliac arteries course for approximately 5 centimeters before bifurcating into what?

Internal Iliac Arteries

Small branches off the common iliac arteries. They course posteriorly and medially along the pelvic wall. They give off many branches that supply the pelvic, genital and gluteal regions.

Superior and Inferior Gluteal Arteries

The Internal Iliac Arteries give off what that course through the greater sciatic notch and supply the gluteal region?

External Iliac Arteries

Large branches off the common iliac arteries. They course anteriorly through the pelvis and pass deep to the Inguinal Ligament.

Inguinal ligament

an aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle that spans form the ASIS to the pubic tubercle.

Femoral Artery

As the External Iliac Artery courses deep to the inguinal ligament and enters the femoral triangle, it changes its name to what? This courses distally and gives off branches that supply the tissues and musculature of the anterior and medial thigh.

Profunda Femoral Artery (Deep Femoral)

Approximately 5 centimeters distal to the inguinal ligament, the femoral artery gives off what?

perforating branches

the profunda femoral artery gives off ___ ___ which course through the adductor magnus muscle and supply the tissues of the posterior thigh.

Adductor Opening (Hunter's canal)

As the Femoral Artery courses distally along the thigh, it passes through what?

Popliteal Artery

After passing through the Adductor Opening, the Femoral artery changes its name to what as it courses into the popliteal fossa posterior to the knee?

Anterior Tibial Artery

Branches from the popliteal artery just distal to the popliteal fossa and courses through a gap above the interosseous membrane which spand between the tibia and fibula bones. Courses distally along the anterior surface of the leg and supplies the anterior leg muscles

Dorsalis Pedis Artery

As the anterior tibial artery crosses an imaginary line between the medial and lateral malleolus, it changes its name to what? This courses into the dorsum of the foot where it gives off metatarsal branches that supply the surrounding tissues.

Posterior Tibial Artery

branches from the popliteal artery just distal to the popliteal fossa. It descends through the deep posterior compartment of the leg supplying all 6 posterior leg muscles.

flexor retinaculum

The Posterior Tibial Artery courses medial to the ankle and passes deep to what?

Medial and Lateral Plantar Arteries

The Posterior Tibial Artery passes deep to the flexor retinaculum and divides into what which supply the tissues and musculature on the plantar surface of the foot?

Fibular (Peroneal) Artery

Arises as a branch off the posterior tibial artery just distal to the popliteal fossa. It gives off branches that supply the ankle and heal but, does not enter the foot.

Venous Sinuses

essentially veins but, differ histologically in that they lack valves. They drain the cranial cavity of deoxygenated blood and used cerebrospinal fluid. They course along the external margins of the dural folds where the endosteal and meningeal layers separate.

Superior Sagittal Sinus

Located along the superior margin of the Falx Cerebri. Deoxygenated blood flows within this from anterior to posterior along the midsagittal plane.

Inferior Sagittal Sinus

Courses along the inferior margin of the Falx Cerebri just superior to the Corpus Callosum. Ends by draining into the Straight Sinus.

Straight Sinus

Located at the junction of the Falx Cerebri and Tentorium Cerebelli. Blood flows posteriorly through this which leads to the Confluence of Sinuses.

Confluence of Sinuses

located at the "internal occipital protuberance" and serves as an intersection between the straight sinus, superior sagittal sinus and the transverse sinuses.

Transverse Sinuses

Located along the external margins of the Tentorium Cerebelli adn convey deoxygenated blood from the confluence of sinuses to the sigmoid sinuses.

Sigmoid Sinuses

Curve along the petrous portion of the temporal bone and convey deoxygenated blood out of the cranial cavity through the Jugular Foramen (along with cranial nerves IX, X and XI).

Internal Jugular Vein

A continuation of the sigmoid sinus that drains the cranial cavity. It begins at the Jugular Foramen and courses inferiorly through the neck. It terminates by joining the subclavian vein to form the Brachiocephalic Vein.

Externa Jugular Vein

Arises from the veins draining the sides of the face and neck. It courses superficially over the sternocleidomastiod muscle and terminates by draining into the subclavian vein

Subclavian vein

Arises as a continuation of the axillary vein at the inferior border of the first rib. It receives the blood drained by the External Jugular Vein and finally terminates by joining with the Internal Jugular Vein to form the Brachiocephalic Vein.

Superior Vena Cava

The left and right Brachiocephalic veins course a short distance and unite to form what which enters the right atrium of the heart?

Superficial veins

Course through the subcutaneous tissue and carry blood proximally back to the heart.

dorsal venous arch

Small superficial veins draining the digits join together to form the ___ ___ ___ on the back of the hand.

Cephalic Vein

Arises from the lateral side of the dorsal venous arch and continues to course proximally along the lateral side of the forearm. Then courses along the "deltopectoral groove" between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles. Here, it pierces the fascia and terminates by draining into the axillary vein.

Basilic Vein

Arises from the medial side of the dorsal venous arch and continues to course proximally along the medial surface of the forearm and pierces the brachial fascia of the axilla. It terminates by coursing deep and joining with the brachial veins.

axillary

The basilic vein and brachial veins joint to form the ___ vein which courses through the axilla (armpit).

Subclavian Veins

The axillary veins course through the armpit region and change their name to the ___ ___ which course inferior to the clavicles and over the top of the first ribs

Brachiocephalic Veins

The left and right ___ ___ are formed as the internal jugular veins join with the subclavian veins. They course a short distance before merging together to form the Superior Vena Cava.

Median Cubital Vein

A short superficial vein which joins the cephalic and basilic veins anterior to the elbow.

Deep veins

of the upper and lower limbs accompany the major arteries and are named the same as the arteries with which they course. They travel in pairs in a configuration called Venae Comitantes which translates to "veins accompany".

Thrombus

A mass of clotted blood which adheres to the internal surface of a blood vessel.

Deep Vein Thrombosis

A blood clot which forms within the vasculature of the extremities and can result from extended periods of immobilization or medical conditions which interfere with normal clotting mechanisms.

Embolis

If a clot breaks free and travels through the circulatory system which can lead to localized ischemia or tissue necrosis in the areas affected.

Pulmonary Embolism

If the emoblus travels to the heart, this can occur resulting in infarct or death.

Thrombolysis

Entails injecting the anticoagulent drug into the clot through the vein.

Venous Thrombectomy

Involves the surgical removal of the clot may be indicated if the condition is nonresponsive to medications

Superficial Veins

Course in the subcutaneous tissue layer. Dorsal and plantar digital veins drain the toes. The digital veins converge on the dorsum of the foot to form the dorsal metatarsal veins.

Dorsal Venous Arch

Dorsal metatarsal veins join to form the ___ ___ ___ which will give rise to the two major superficial veins of the lower limb.

Lesser Saphenous Vein

arises from the lateral side of the dorsal venous arch. It courses on the lateral side of the ankle and then superiorly along the posterior border of the leg. It terminates by draining into the Popliteal Vein within the Popliteal Fossa.

Popliteal Vein

Arises from the deep veins which drain the leg. It courses through the popliteal fossa and receives the drainage from the lesser saphenous vein. It continues to course proximally and changes it's name to the femoral vein as it passes through the adductor opening.

Greater Saphenous Vein

(the longest vein in body) Arises from the medial side of the dorsal venous arch. It courses superiorly along the medial border of the leg. It then courses posterior to the medial condyle and superiorly along the medial border of the thigh. As it courses through the fascia in the upper thigh, it terminates by draining into the Femoral Vein within the Femoral Triangle.

Femoral Vein

a continuation of the Popliteal Vein and courses proximally along the medial surface of the thigh with the femoral artery. It receives the blood drained from the greater saphenous vein.

External Iliac Vein

What does the Femoral Vein changes its name to as it courses deep to the inguinal ligament and enters the pelvic region?

Common Iliac Vein

The external iliac vein joins with the internal iliac vein to form what?