fallacies

Subjectivism

Using the fact that one believes or wants a proposition to be true as evidence of its truth.

Appeal to Majority

Using the fact that large numbers of people believe a proposition to be true as evidence of its truth.

Appeal to Emotion

Trying to get someone to accept a proposition based on an emotion one induces.

Appeal to Force

Trying to get someone to accept a proposition based on a threat.

Appeal to Authority

Using testimonial evidence for a proposition when the conditions for credibility are not satisfied or the use of such evidence is inappropriate.

Ad Hominem

Using a negative trait of a speaker as evidence that their statement is false or their argument is weak.

False Alternative

Excluding relevant possibilities without justification.

Post Hoc

Using the fact that one event preceded another as sufficient evidence to conclude that the first caused the second.

Hasty Generalization

Inferring a general proposition from an inadequate sample of particular cases.

Composition

Inferring that a whole has a property merely because its parts have that property.

Division

Inferring that a part has a property merely because the whole has that property.

Begging the Question (Circular Argument)

Trying to support a proposition with an argument in which that proposition is a premise.

Equivocation

Using a word with two different meanings in the premises and the conclusion.

Appeal to Ignorance

Using the absence of proof for a proposition as evidence for the truth of the opposing proposition.

Diversion

Trying to support one proposition by arguing for another proposition.