10/26/24: Twins

Monozygotic twins

Identical genotypes

Dizygotic twins

share about 50% of their genotypes.

The biospychosocial model

Predicts that human diseases are caused by a complex combination of genetics or biological traits + psychological factors + environmental influences.

Diagnostic and statistical Manual of mental illness

Psychological disorders are both diagnosable and treatable.

The order of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

1. Need to feel safe

2. need to feel love

3. need to achieve

4. need to self-actualize

Self-serving bias

when people attribute their own success to intrinsic qualities (motivation to succeed), while attributing failures to external causes.

Ex: accept good result as they pay great effort, and bad results as the impact of outside factors’ faults.

The fundamental attribution error

is a tendency to underestimate the situation and overestimate one’s personality, character, or abilities.

Ex: he acts that way because he is mean

Optimism bias

a belief that bad things only happen to other people

Just world phenomenon

when people believe the world is fair place and people get what they deserve.

Homeostasis

Is a state that human body thought to be in balance, according to drive reduction theory.

NOT a theory for motivation.

Incentive theory

HUman need some external stimuli as a motivator (encourage or discourage) for behavior.,

Instinct

certain behaviors are unconscious and inherent in particular species. And motivate behavior without conscious input.

Adolescent development

The brain (especially the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for abstract thought and anticipating consequences) is still developing throughout the teenage years.

It is a time of confusion over identity roles.

The limbic system is developing more rapidly than the prefrontal cortex.

Limbic system

Hypothalamus: regulate autonomic nervous system via endocrine system.

Amygdala: fear and anxiety.

Thalamus: sensory relay station

Hippocampus: convert short to long-term memory. If damage, no new memory formed.

Erickson’ model of psychological development

Eight stages

1. Trust vs. mistrust

2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt

3. initiative vs. guilt

4. industry vs. inferiority

5. identity vs. role confusion

6. intimacy vs. isolation

7. generatively vs. stagnation

8. integrity vs. despair

infancy —> 18months

Trust vs. mistrust

preschool 3yo → 5yo

initiative vs. guilt

toddler 18months → 3yo

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

middle school: 5 → 11yo

industry vs. inferiority

teen years: 12yo → 18yo

identity vs. role confusion

young adults: 18 → 40yo

intimacy vs. isolation

middle age 40yo → 65yo

generativity vs. stagnation

older adulthood: 65yo → death

integrity vs. despair

role exit

happens in the case of disengagement from a role that is important to a person’s sense of self.

Ex: once delivery the baby, the woman exits her role as "pregnant woman”

Role strain

happens in the case of a single status that has conflicting expectations associated with it.

Ex: a mother struggles between the expectation to show compassion to her children while also being expected to discipline them for poor behaviors.

Role tension

includes three types: role conflict, role exit, role strain.r

Role conflict

People have multiple statuses in society.

These statuses conflict based on the expectations present in their communities/society.