Philosophy Finals

Society

Society

organized group of people, whose members interact, frequently have a common culture, land, history, values, etc; systems of interrelationships that connect individuals

Homo Socius

Humans are social being

Hunter-gatherer Societies

Are made up of non-specialized members, everyone id or could do the same thing. There was no private property

Pastoral Societies

relies on products made by animals

Horticultural Societies

relies on the cultivation of fruits

Agricultural Societies

rely on the use of technology, crops, were cultivated in large areas, begin of trade.

Industrial Societies

Advent of mechanization, production of consumer goods.

Mcdonaldinization

process of a society adopting the principles of a fast-food restaurant. - George Ritzer

George Ritzer

person behind the concept of “Mcdonaldinization”

Principles of Mcdonaldinization

Efficiency, Calculability, Predictability, Control

Efficiency

Optimal method for accomplishing a task

Calculability

Objective should be quantifiable rather than subjective

Predictability

Standardized services and uniforms

Control

replacement of human workers by non-human technology; control through automation

Alienation

when a person is separated from essential aspect of their nature, or from society

Post-Industrial Societies

manufacturing of consumer goods has been replaced by an increase in service work (providing service for others.)

Virtual Societies

ATM, common interests, ideas, and collaboration over the internet.

Confucius

Chinese philosopher who created confucianism and is behind the 3 virtues of confucianism

Ren

Human principle rooted in empathy

Li

Propriety

Zhongyang

Normality

Aristotle’s idea of society/Aristotle

“Society is the natural state of humanity, because humans are political animals. Outside of society, the human person ceases to be human, either a beast or a God”

Plato’s ideal society

function and harmony; all social classes get to perform what they are fit to do and are unified into a single community by mutual interests

Jean Jacques Rousseau

“Society is a social contract”

Thomas Hobbes

He believed that humans are predisposed for distraction and selfishness, thus humans agree to a social contract in exchange for order and peace.

John Locke

He believed society needs social contracts to protect natural rights, and a that just society respects and protects natural rights. He also believed that a government can be overthrown if it fails to protect and uphold these rights.

John Rawls

describes a society of free citizens with equal basic rights who work together cooperatively in an egalitarian economic system.

David Gautier

“Self-Interest is an important factor in building and maintaining societies.

Socialization

refers to the social proccesses to which the individual develops awareness of social norms, laws, folkways, and values

Norms

Traits acceptable to society

Folkways

Less formal, from traditions, and has no punishment when violated

Laws

Formal norms, written in papers

Social Roles

Actions and behaviors expected

Social Classes

Individuals who perform similar tasks

Social Institution

Vital function for people to perform their roles

How does society allow us to become a better person?

It allows us to contribute to society, It allows us to have a legacy, It allows people to create social movements to bring about social change

Common Good

Social conditions which allows people to fulfill their goals

Karl Marx

“Society is formed from the conflict between the proletariat (workers) and bourgeoisie (capitalists)

Structural Functionalism

Top down

Conflict Theory

Society is born from conflict between individuals

Symbolic Interactionism

Society is born from individuals actively participating in society through their interactions with other people

Intersubjectivity

Shared meanings constructed by people; a philosophy of the interaction between the self and the other.

Edmund Husserl

He developed Intersubjectivity as a critique of Rene Descartes’ problem of other minds

Martin Buber

“Man experiences his world”

I-Thou Relationship

Person-to-person

I-I Relationship

I-It Relationship

Bad intent on others; objectification of the other

What do you need to know in intersubjectivity

We want to know what the experience of the other as the other, and we want to know how the experience of the other as the other

Other

Object outside of you, (trees, animals, etc.)

The Other

Same being, subject, human, person (classmates, friends, teachers, parents, relative, etc.)

Interhuman

A Life of dialogue

Social according to Martin Buber

A Life of a group bound together

Dialogue

Genuine and deep relationship between persons; it happens when two persons truly acknowledge each other’s presence and treat each other as equals

Karol Wojtyla or John Paul II

He criticized the “human as a rational animal” theory. According to him, humans are conscious beings who think and act. “Stupidity is also a gift from God, but one mustn’t misuse it.”

Death

condition that allows a person to live a meaningful existence

Birth, and Death

These are two things that cannot be removed from your existence.

Materialist View

This view believes that matter is the fundamental reality. A human person is nothing but a material entity. In this view, death is something that happens to certain material objects. Before they die, these material objects are alive. After they die, these objects are dead.

Spiritualist View

This view sees that a divine consciousness creates the world. Followers of this belief believe the soul leaves the body after death and returns to the spiritual realm, it came from at birth. This view acknowledges death as a transition rather than a termination.

Dietrich Bonhoeffer

“Death is grace, the greatest gift of grace that God can give to His people who believe in Him. Death is mild, death is sweet and gentle; it beckons to us with heavenly power, if only we realize that it is the gateway to our homeland, the tabernacle of joy, the everlasting kingdom of peace.”

Soren Kierkegaard

“The greatest hazard of all, losing one’s self, can occur very quietly in the world, as if it were nothing at all. No other loss can occur so quietly; any other loss - an arm, a leg, five dollars, a wife, etc. - is sure to be noticed.”

Plato’s view on Death

His view on Death says that because our souls are immortal, we should embrace death and look forward to what it has to offer for our souls.

Socrates

He believed that death is either total annihilation of the self (nothingness) or a migration to another life (afterlife)

Socrates’ view on the Soul

He believed that the soul and body are separate; the body is imperfect and mortal, while the soul is divine, immortal, and unchanging.

Rene Descartes’ view on the Soul

He believed that the Pineal Gland in the brain was the where the soul occupied; This is also where all thoughts and reasoning are formed.