Bio 11B study guide 2

11 major body systems of animals

Nervous

respiratory

circular

skeletal

muscular

reproductive

digestive

lymphatic

endocrine

excretory

integument

integument system functions

Protection from the external environment

•Preventing dehydration

•Thermoregulation

• Detecting external stimuli

• Communication

lymphatic system functions

defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

endocrine system functions

1. Control body's activities to maintainhomeostasis

2. Regulate fertility/sexual function andmaturity

3. Control mood, growth, & development

excretory system functions

1. Eliminate metabolic wastes

2. Regulate ion concentration inside body

3. Regulate fluid volume inside body

4. Some systems also synthesize hormones

reproductive system functions

1. Produce, store, & transport gametes

2. produces some hormones

3. Some females support fetus, produce milk

digestive system functions

1. Break down ingested food & liquid

2. Release and absorb nutrients

3. Eliminate waste products

musculokeletal system functions

1. Movement & support

2. Protection of organs

3. Mineral storage

respiratory system functions

1. Gas exchange (bring in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide)

2. Produce sound (phonation)

3. Regulation of blood pH

circular system functions

1. Transport nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the body

2. Protection from pathogens

3. Maintenance of body temperature

Nervous system function

1. Receiving information about the environment (stimuli)

2. Generating immediate body-wide responses to stimuli

3. Learning/cognitive processing and producing memories

the difference between open & closed circulatory systems and benefits

Open circulatory system: the blood flows freely through cavities since there are no vessels to conduct the blood. Benefits: low energy

Closed circulatory system: This system has vessels that conduct blood throughout the body. Benefit: modify blood flow tospecific organs

When do embryonic germ layers become evident

Gastrulation

the difference between a triploblast and a diplobast

Diplodblastic- two germ layers in gastrula

Triploblastic- three germ layers in gastrula

the difference between a protostome and a deuterostome

Protostomes - blastopore becomes mouth

Deuterostomes - blastopore becomes anus

List and explain the apomorphies for Animalia.

heterotrophic and ingest their food to absorb organic molecules,

multicellular and rely on extracellular collagen to give their tissues support

goes through a phase during embryonic development referred to as a blastula

What happened during the Cambrian Explosion and what may have caused it

Extreme diversification in body plans (Bauplan)

Cause: Atmospheric O2 increase• Opening of new niches/interspecific interactions• Evolution of developmental control genes (Hox genes)

List and explain the primary apomorphy for Porifera

lack true tissues

spicules- provide structural support

aquiferous system- obtain food/nutrients, expel wastes, and disperse its gametes

Do Poriferans exhibit asymmetry, radial symmetry, or bilateral symmetry

asymmetrical

List and explain the apomorphies for all animals except for Porifera

* Nervous system- a trait made possible by the formation of true tissues derived from germ layers

Name and explain the primary apomorphy for Cnidaria

cnidae- tinging & adhesive cells that allow the organism to capture prey, defend themselves from predators, and attach to substrate

diploblastic- develop two germ layers during embryonic development

Do Cnidarians exhibit asymmetry, radial symmetry, or bilateral symmetry

radially symmetric

List and explain the apomorphies for all animals except for Porifera & Cnidaria.

* true tissues- body tissues that develop from groups of embryonic tissues

What is cephalization and why is it an important adaptation

the clustering of sensory & nervous system organs into the anterior portion of an organism. This trait has allowed for the evolution of brains and advanced sensory organs, leading to the development of higher cognitive abilities and better motor control.

Do Lophotrochozoans exhibit asymmetry, radial symmetry, or bilateral symmetry

bilaterally symmetrical

What are two distinguishing features for flatworms

they are flattened dorsoventrally and they have an incomplete gut

What is the function of the nervous system? How does the structure of neurons help with this

Function: transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body, including internal organs

Axons allow neurons to transmit electrical and chemical signals to other cells

Explain the Mollusca apomorphies

1) radula- feeding structure

2) a calcareous shell- protection and stability

3) a muscular foot that is typically used for locomotion and catching prey

4) mantle- part of skin, secretes shell material

Why is ocean acidification a threat to many molluscs

have less access to calcium and carbonate, which is what their shells are made of, the shells will begin to dissolve if the water becomes too acidic.

Explain the apomorphies for Gastropoda

coiled shell- protection

well-developed head- often bear sensory structures like eyes & tentacles

Torsion- twisting of mantle/visceral mass

Explain the Cephalopoda apomorphies and how they reflect their feeding habits

siphon- is used for propulsion and ink and gamete release

beak- grabbing/crushing prey

well-developed eyes w/ lens

foot modified into siphon and tentacles

Explain how the three major apomorphies of Bivalvia reflect their feeding habits

two-plate shell that can open during feeding and close for protection

loss of the radula

enlarged gills for filter feeding

reduced head

What is the function of the foot for bivavles? What about the adductor muscles

Foot- burrowing into the substrate

Adductor muscles- structures that helps draw the two shells together

Name and explain the Annelida apomorphies

metameric segmentation- the body is made up of many repeated segments

setae- hair-like structures used to aid in locomotion

eucoelomates- have a true body cavity

What is the purpose of the clitellum in Oligochaeta and Hirudinea

the reproductive structure (produces egg sac)

Explain how earthworms locomote/move. What term describes this movement

using circular and longitudinal muscles, and setae

push the setae out of its body to grab the soil around it. To move forward, the worm uses its setae to anchor the front of its body and contracts the longitudinal muscles to shorten its body

What is the function of the coelom in annelid worms?

maintain pressure inside of the organism and exchange of both metabolites and proteins

What is the function of the parapodia in Polychaeta

Locomotion (crawling, swimming)

• Gas exchange

• Bear the setae

What apomorphy unites all ecdysozoans

an external cuticle (exoskeleton)

Explain the major apomorphy for tardigrades

relatively round body shape with eight short

unjointed appendages

What is the difference between complete and incomplete metamorphosis

Complete metamorphosis

• Immature form (larvae) don't typically resemble adult

• Go through pupal stage

Incomplete metamorphosis

• Immature form (nymph) typically resembles adult

• No pupal stage

List & explain the crustacean apomorphies

2 pairs of antennae

Eyes often found on eye stalks

exhibit nauplius larvae

2 tagmata: cephalothorax & abdomen

List & explain the hexapod apomorphies

"six legs"

3 tagmata: head, thorax & abdomen

• Thorax made of 3 fused segments

Females store sperm inspermatheca

Why are jointed appendages and compound eyes important adaptations? What group are they apomorphies for

Jointed appendages provide more flexibility in their limbs, which allowed them to become specialized for a variety of functions related to feeding and locomotion

Compound eyes allow them to detect fast movements and see a relatively large field of view

Apomorphies for Arthropodas

What are important appendage modifications in Chelicerata

claws, or chelicerae

What are important appendage modifications in Myriapoda

Can have >100 legs

Possess venomous claws in first segment

Bear two antennae

How would you distinguish between Chilopoda and Diplopoda

Chilopoda: venomous fangs and segment bears one pairs of legs

Diplopoda: segment bears two pairs of legs

What type of symmetry do echinoderms have

radially symmetrical (Pentaradial symmetry)

What are the functions of echinoderm tube feet?

to move around

List two apomorphies for Holothuroidea

highly reduced exoskeleton

elongated from mounth-anus axis

What apomorphy unites Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea

5 or more arms/rays from central disc

Explain at least one example of how invertebrate predators can exert top-down control of communities

the effects of predators start at the top of the food chain and cascade downward to lower trophic levels

Explain at least two important roles of invertebrates in ecosystem functions

pollinating, dispersing seeds

explain how haplodiploidy in ants and bees contributed to the evolution of their social structure

sisters that are more closely related to eachother than they would be to their own offspring

Porifera's nervous system, feeding/digestive system, excretory system, circulatory system, respiratory system, and reproduction

No nervous, excretory, circulatory, digestive, or respiratory system

filter feeders

Asexual (budding) and sexual (hermaphroditic=produces eggs and sperm)

Cnidaria's nervous system, feeding/digestive system, excretory system, circulatory system, respiratory system, and reproduction

simple nervous system

incomplete digestive system (one opening)

no excretory, circulatory, or respiratory system

Polyp is asexual form and Medusa is sexual form

Cephalopoda's nervous system, feeding/digestive system, excretory system, circulatory system, respiratory system, and reproduction

Nervous system: has a brain

Feeding: beak

excretory system: nephridia

circulatory system: 3 hearts

respiratory system: gills

Reproduction: lays eggs

Platyhelminthes's nervous system, feeding/digestive system, excretory system, circulatory system, respiratory system, and reproduction

Simple nervous system

Incomplete gut (on opening)

Digestive system: gastrovascular cavity

Excretory system: network of tubules throughout the body

No respiratory or circulatory system

Sexual & asexual reproduction (Binary fission and Hermaphroditic)

Bivalvia's nervous system, feeding/digestive system, excretory system, circulatory system, respiratory system, and reproduction

Nervous system: 3 pairs of ganglia

Filter feeders

Excretory: nephridium

Respiratory: gills

Open circulatory system

Separate sexes with external fertilization

Arachnida (specifically spiders) nervous system, feeding/digestive system, excretory system, circulatory system, respiratory system, and reproduction

Nervous: in cephalothorax

Feeding: chelicerae are used to manipulate food

Respiratory system: book lungs

Oligochaeta's nervous system, feeding/digestive system, excretory system, circulatory system, respiratory system, and reproduction

simple nervous system

Digestive: pharynx

excretory: metanephridia

circulatory: dorsal vessel

respiratory: breaths through skin

reproduction: clitellum

Echinodermata's nervous system, feeding/digestive system, excretory system, circulatory system, respiratory system, and reproduction

Nervous: Nerve net

Digestive: Mouth typically on underside, Can evert part of stomach, Anus typically on topside

Circulatory, excretory, and respiratory: water vascular system

Reproduction: asexual reproduction by fission

Compare/contrast Cephalopoda & Bivalvia with respect to their modifications of the Mollusca apomorphies and how this relates to their lifestyles

Same: Siphon, separate sexes, gills, ganglia

C: Beak, Well-developed head, Ink sac, Internal/no shell, chromatophores for camouflage & communication, Well-developed eyes with lens

Closed circulatory system, 3 hearts, Hectocotylus

B: sessile, filter feeders, two-plate shell, no radula, Open circulatory system & nephridium eye spots

What factors were important for driving the evolution and diversification of Hexapoda (the most species-rich group of eukaryotes)

Development of wings and coevolution with plants

List and explain the apomorphies for Echinodermata

1. No cerebral ganglion-no cephalization

2. Calcium carbonate endoskeleton

3. Ambulacral grooves w/ tube feet

4. Water vascular system-moves tube feet-madreporite-locomotion/feeding-gas exchange/circulation

5. Pentaradial symmetry-larvae bilaterally symmetric

Porifera

Cnidaria

Platyhelminthes

Rotifera

Gastropoda (Mollusca)

Bivalvia (Mollusca)

Cephalopoda(Mollusca)

Polyplacophora (Mollusca)

Polychaeta (Annelida)

Oligochaeta (Annelida)

Hirudinida (Annelida)

Nematoda

Tardigrada

Merostomata (Chelicerata)(Arthropoda)

Arachnida (Chelicerata)(Arthropoda)

Crustacea

Diplopoda (Myriapoda)(Arthropoda)

Chilopoda (Myriapoda)(Arthropoda)

Odonata (Hexapoda)(Arthropoda)

Orthoptera (Hexapoda)(Arthropoda)

Diptera (Hexapoda)(Arthropoda)

Hymenoptera (Hexapoda)(Arthropoda)

Coleoptera (Hexapoda)(Arthropoda)

Lepidoptera (Hexapoda)(Arthropoda)

Asteroidea (Echinodermata)

Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata)

Echinoidea (Echinodermata)

Holothuroidea (Echinodermata)

Crinoidea (Echinodermata)