BIOL 231 Cell diversity

Procaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea, characterized by their simple cell structure.

Procaryote

Major category of living cells distinguished by the absence of a nucleus; includes the archaea and the bacteria

Prokaryote

a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include the bacteria and cyanobacteria.

Prokaryote

Single celled organism with no nucleus

Eucaryote

A major category of living cells distinguished by the presence of a nucleus and organelles, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

Eucaryote

An organism whose cells have a distinct nucleus and cytoplasm

Eucaryote

an organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus. include all living organisms other than the eubacteria and archaebacteria.

Protist

A diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms, which can be unicellular or multicellular, that do not fit into animal, plant, or fungal classifications.

Protist

any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, land plant, or fungus

Protist

everything else (algae)

Metazoan

a major clade of multicellular animals characterized by differentiating tissue and complex body structures.

Metazoan

multicellular and eukaryotic animals. This includes corals, sponges, barnacles and mussels.

Metazoan

All multicellular eukaryotic animals

Cytosol

the liquid component of the cytoplasm where organelles are suspended, containing water, salts, and organic molecules.

Cytosol

Contents of the main compartment of cytoplasm, excluding membrane enclosed organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Also used to refer to the cell fraction remaining after membranes, cytoskeletal components, and other organelles have been removed

Cytosol

the gel-like, water-soluble fluid portion of the cytoplasm of a cell, excluding the organelles and other intracellular structures

Cytoplasm

the entire content within a cell membrane, excluding the nucleus, containing cytosol, organelles, and various molecules.

Cytoplasm

Contents of a cell that are contained within its plasma membrane but, in the case of eukaryotic cells, outside the nucleus

Cytoplasm

the gel-like substance and internal structures within a cell, excluding the nucleus. It is comprised of cytosol, the jelly-like fluid, and various organelles like mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, where many of the cell's chemical reactions and functions occur.

Mitochondria

Membrane enclosed organelle, about the size of a bacterium, that carries out oxidative phosphorylation and produces most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells

Mitochondria

consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

Nucleus

In biology, refers to the prominent, rounded structure that contains the DNA of a eukaryotic cell

Nucleus

site of genomic DNA transcription into RNA

Chloroplasts

Specialized organelle in algae and plants that contains chlorophyll and serves as the site for photosynthesis

Chloroplasts

produces molecular oxygen by splitting water

Lysosomes

Membrane enclosed organelle that breaks down worn out proteins and organelles and other waste materials, as well as molecules taken up by endocytosis; contains digestive enzymes that are typically most active at the acid pH found inside these organelles

Lysosomes

maintains a pH much more acidic than that of cytoplasm

Chromosomes

Long, threadlike structure composed of DNA and proteins that carries the genetic information of an organism; becomes visible as a distinct entity when a plant or animal cell prepares to divide

Chromosomes

thread-like structures located within a cell's nucleus that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and proteins.

Golgi apparatus

Membrane enclosed organelle in eukaryotic cells that modifies the proteins and lipids made in the endoplasmic reticulum and sorts them for transport to other sites

Golgi apparatus

sorts proteins to many other sites in the cell

Peroxisomes

Small membrane enclosed organelle that contains enzymes that degrade lipids and destroy toxins

Peroxisomes

membrane-enclosed organelles in eukaryotic cells that perform essential metabolic functions, including the breakdown of fatty acids and detoxification of harmful substances like hydrogen peroxide.

Plasma membrane

The protein containing lipid bilayer that surrounds a living cell

Plasma membrane

a thin, flexible, and semipermeable boundary made of lipids and proteins that surrounds all cells, separating the cell's interior from the external environment and controlling the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Endoplasmic reticulum

Labyrinthine membrane enclosed compartment in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells where lipids and proteins are made

Endoplasmic reticulum

synthesizes membrane proteins and proteins to be secreted from the cell

Cytoskeleton

System of protein filaments in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that gives the cell shape and the capacity for directed movements. Its most abundant components are actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

Cytoskeleton

a dynamic network of protein fibers within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that provides structural support, maintains cell shape, facilitates cell movement, and aids in the transport of organelles and other materials

Ribosome

Large macromolecular complex, composed of RNAs and proteins, that translates a messenger RNA into a polypeptide chain

Ribosome

a molecular machine found within all living cells that serves as the site of protein synthesis, translating genetic information from messenger RNA (mRNA) into a sequence of amino acids that form proteins.