psyc 302 midterm review

Premack Principle

Premack Principle

High probability behaviors reinforce low probability behaviors.

Drive Reduction Theory

Behaviors are rewarding by reducing primary or secondary drives.

Determinism

Behavior determined by heredity and environment.

Free-will

people have ultimate power to determine their own actions, regardless of external pressures

Socrates & Epistemology

Knowledge is a dynamic process that involves dialogue (Socratic method)

Plato and Rationalism

- Acquire knowledge through reason
- Deduce the specific from the general

John Watson & Behavioralism

- Response to structuralism
- Little Albert - fear conditioning
- Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It (predict and control behavior)

Conditioned Inhibition

refers to an occurrence in which a trained response to one stimulus blocks responding to a previously trained stimulus

Adaptive Nature of Conditioning

Prepares organism for events.

Positive Punishment

Delivery of unfavorable stimulus.

Signal Fading

Gradual stimulus intensity alteration.

Time-out

Blocking access as a punishment.

Aristotle & Empiricism

Knowledge is acquired through observation

Descartes & Dualism

Philosopher who established the scientific method.
Rational mind is separate from the mechanical body, which cannot think.

John Locke & Tabula Rasa

All knowledge comes from experience (empiricism)

Luigi Galvani

- Galvanic skin response: measurement of emotional arousal through electrical changes in sweat glands.
- Linked muscle movement ipo electrical stimulation

Hermann von Helmholtz

- Measured speed of a nerve conduction
- Unconscious inference

Wilhem Wundt & the First Psychology Lab (1879)

- Advocate for scientific techniques to studying mental processes
- Analytic introspection: describe experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli

Ebbinghaus & Memory

- Studied himself using nonsense syllables
- Calculated rate of forgetting and established forgetting curve

Ivan Pavlov (classical conditioning)

Associative learning and behavioral responses

Thorndike's Law of Effect

Probability of behavioral response is dependent on consequences

Skinner & Operant Conditioning

- Shape behavior w/ reward & punishment
- Reward -> increase behavior; punishment -> decrease behavior

Tolman & the Cognitive Map

Trained rats to find food in a four armed maze
- found that once the rat finds the food, it would return to that same spot for food each time no matter what arm it is placed in
- thought that the rats created a mental representation of the maze which he called a cognitive map

Latent Learning

Learning is undetected until demonstrated

Non-associative learning

Change in the response strength due to repeated exposure to a stimulus

Associative Learning

When two events occur together, information is acquired about the relationship between them

Learning

Permanent change in behavioral potential.

Habituation/Sensitization

______ is a decrease in a response, while _____ is an increase in a response.

Classical Conditioning

Association between two stimuli.

Asymptote

Point where acquisition levels off.

Extinction

process of reducing or eliminating a learned behavior by withholding the reinforcing consequences that previously maintained it.

Taste Aversion

Conditioned response likely after one trial.

Elicited

Classical conditioning utilizes ____ behaviors

Emitted

Operant conditioning utilizes ____ behaviors

Contiguity

Associations due to close stimuli proximity.

Neutral Stimulus

At the beginning of studies like Pavlov's, the tone is a _______.

The formation of a parallel inhibitory connection

In the process of extinction, what is the underlying factor responsible for the elimination of responding?

Pseudoconditioning

In the Little Albert study by Watson and Raynor (1920), we could argue that Albert's fear was simply caused by the repeated exposure to the loud noise. If this were, in fact, the case, this would be an example of which of the following?

Space and Time

According to the principle of contiguity, associations are formed because stimuli are perceived close in ____ and ____.

Second-order Conditioning

Similar to sensory preconditioning.

Delay and Trace Conditioning

Forms of forward conditioning.

Two Seconds

For optimal conditioning, the ISI should be no longer than _______.

Stimulus Substitution

Brown and Jenkins' finding with the pigeons eliciting different types of pecks based on the stimuli presented during training lends support for which theory of conditioning?

Contingency

The principle of ______________ explains that a CS needs to be a reliable predictor of the US in order for conditioning to take place.

Salivation

Autonomic response type.

Counterconditioning

process is involved in systematic desensitization.

S-R-O

In operant conditioning, which type of association is being formed?

Probability of the behavior being performed

According to Thorndike's Law of Effect, what is increased when a behavior leads to a satisfactory outcome?

Variable Ratio

Which schedule of reinforcement is the model for addictive behavior?

Chaining

Which operant technique involves creating a sequence of complex behaviors by training them one at a time?

Consequence

In operant conditioning, the organism learns to perform a response in order to obtain a _______.

Positive Reinforcement

Delivery of favorable stimulus.

Negative Reinforcement

Removal of unfavorable stimulus.

Negative Punishment

Removal of favorable stimulus.

Positive contrast /negative contrast

Changing from a low incentive to a high incentive results in a/an _______ effect, while changing from high to low incentive (or remaining the same) results in a _______ effect

Generalization

Operant response emitted in presence of a stimulus similar to discriminative stimulus

Discrimination

Tendency for operant response to be emitted more in the presence of one stimulus over another

S+

In discrimination training, which stimulus gets reinforced?

Extinction Burst

Increase in frequency of behavior upon withholding reinforcement.

Extradimensional Stimuli

Differentiating stimuli for responses.

Drive/Incentive

Factors affecting behavioral responses.

Peak-Shift Effect

Net responding based on excitation minus inhibition.

Event

Negative reinforcement and punishment both differ from extinction in that they involve a/an _____.

Learned Helplessness

Belief in lack of behavior impact on outcomes.

Fixed Ratio

Schedule for best reduction in undesired behavior.

Intrinsic Punishment

Self-inflicted punishment.

Circumvention

Avoiding punishment by identifying stimuli.