clin chem practical review

foam may indicate presence of

protein

the renal threshold of glucose in cats is

280-300 mg/dl

the normal USG range for dogs is

1.018-1.045

the fixed USG range for dogs is

1.008-1.012

when performing a cysto

1. ga needle

2. length of needle

3. size syringe

1. 22ga

2. 1-1 ½ in

3. 6 or 12 cc

list the 4 parts of a routine U/A

• macroscopic

• USG

• chemistries

• microscopic

1. urine is scanned on?

2. final analysis is done on?

3. checking how many fields?

1. 10X

2. 40X

3. 10 fields

dog that has ingested antifreeze has a BUN of 64mg/dl, CREA of 4.2mg/dl, USG of 1.012, what type of azotemia?

primary renal azotemia

dog w/ hx of vomiting for 4 days, BUN 60mg/dl, CREA 2.1mg/dl, USG >1.040, elevated PCV and TP, what azotemia?

pre renal azotemia

14yr old cat BUN 32mg/dl, CREA 1.9mg/dl, USG 1.025, what aoztemia?

not azotemia

renal threshold for dogs

>180 mg/dl

what is the counting convention for wbc on a hemocytometer

top and left lines counted

what initials on a pipette require you to blow out the solution?

TC

what should effusions be placed in for cytology and culture?

LTT for cytology, RTT for culture

• name?

• normal?

• squamous epithelial cells

• in mild amounts

• name?

• normal?

• transitional epithelial cells

• in mild amounts

• name?

• leukocytes (wbc)

  • and bacteria

• name?

erythrocytes (rbc)

• name?

sperm

• name?

• normal?

• fat droplets

• can be normal (cats)

• name?

yeast

• name?

mucus threads/strands

• name?

bacteria

• name?

• amorphous phosphate- alkaline

• amorphous urate- acidic

• amorphous debris- ph 7

• name?

• normal?

• struvite

• in mild amounts

• name?

• normal?

• calcium oxalate monohydrate

• can be normal or pathogenic

• name?

• normal?

• calcium oxalate dihydrate

• can be normal or pathogenic

• name?

• normal?

• hippuric acid (calcium oxalate monohydrate hippuric shaped)

• never normal, indicate ethylene glycol toxicity

• name?

• normal?

• calcium carbonate

• can be normal (horses)

• name?

• normal?

• bilirubin crystals

• in mild amounts

• name?

• normal?

• ammonium biurate

• only in dalmations, and english bulldogs

• name?

cystine

• name?

• normal?

• tyrosine

• never normal?

• name?

uric acid crystal

• name?

cholesterol crystal

• name?

hyaline cast

• name?

granular cast

• name?

erythrocyte (rbc) cast

• name?

leukocyte (wbc) cast

• name?

fatty acid cast

• name?

waxy cast

• name?

• black arrow- epithelial cells

• red arrow- rbc’s

• blue arrow- wbc’s

• name?

ammonium biurate

• name?

• bilirubin

• wbc

• bacteria

• name?

• graduated?

• accurate for measuring volume?

• griffin beaker

• yes

• no

• name?

• graduated?

• accurate for measuring volume?

• erlenmyer flask

• yes

• no

• name?

• accurate for measuring volume?

• volumetric flask

• yes, measures one volume only

• name?

• graduated?

• accurate for measuring?

• graduated cylinder

• yes

• yes

• name?

• use?

• cuvette

• used in spectrophotometry

• name?

• graduated?

• accurate for measuring?

• paster pipette

• no

• no

• name?

• used for measuring?

• plastic transfer pipette

• no

• name?

• graduated?

• accurate for measuring volume?

• serological pipette

• yes

• yes

• name?

• what do the initials TC and TD stand for?

• accurate for measuring volume?

• volumetric pipette

• TC- to contain, TD- to deliver

• yes, measures one volume only

• name?

• accurate for measuring volume?

• primarily measures in what unit?

• automatic pipette

• yes, only one volume

• ul

• what is the perferred sample for biochemical profiling?

  • what is the exception to this?

• serum

  • lithium heparin plasma

how should tissue be cut prior to being preserved for bx?

“french bread”

• what should a pt. specimen be chemically preserved with?

  • and with what volume?

• 10% formalin

  • volume of formalin should be 10x specimen volume

why should serum and plasma be removed ASAP?

rbc’s utilize 10% of glucose every hour

what are the 4 cuvettes needed to run spectrophotometry?

• blank

• standard

• control

• patient sample

• what cuvette contains reagent only?

• what cuvette contains standard solution only?

• blank

• standard

• what cuvette has a known concentration?

• what cuvette has an acceptable range of values?

• standard

• control

• what does the control cuvette contain?

• what does the patient cuvette contain?

• control solution + reagent

• serum + reagent

in what method of urine collection are squamous epithelial cells never seen?

cystocentesis

3 general reasons for increased enzymes in the blood

• leak out of damaged/ dying cells

• increased production

• blockage of excretory route

what is the only reason for hyperalbuminemia?

dehydration

what do the following stand for:

• GFR

• CKD

• BUN

• glomerular filtration rate

• chronic kidney disease

• blood urea nitrogen

read the USG

1.036

read the following USG

• A- 1.005

• B- 1.020

• C-1032

• D- 1.045

• E- >1.050

how long is urine good for at

• room temp?

• when refrigerated?

• 30 min

• 6 hours