PAC Smith Cedarville Final

Ideology

- a system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.

- may connect beliefs across a variety of areas.

-

Progressivism

the political orientation of those who favor progress in government and society. Want to get away from history

Wilson: Constitutional Government in the United States

-larger government to ensure more equality

-we shouldn't look backward to solve problems

-Darwin interpretation (wants evolution of government according to the times.

FD Roosevelt: State of the Union Message to Congress

-larger government for social justice

-popular soverignty

- government should help with family, economic security, health, food, shelter.

Tocqueville's Democracy in America

-balance between liberty and equality

-people attach themselves to civic associations which has political effect

Polygamy (de Baer)

As long as there's consent, government should allow it

Kirk- Ten Conservative Principles

Moral Order: Emphasizes the importance of tradition and enduring moral values.

Limited Government: Advocates for decentralized authority and skepticism of centralized power.

Cultural Heritage: Stresses preserving customs, institutions, and historical continuity.

Burke- Speech to the electors at Bristol

- representatives should focus on the good of the country rather than just interests on individual voters

Reagan- A Time For Choosing

- Limited Government: Advocates for personal freedom and less federal interference.

Economic Conservatism: Criticizes high taxes, promotes free markets.

Strong Defense: Supports a robust military for national security.government should stay away - laissez-faire

Commerce Clause

Clause stating that Congress can regulate interstate and international commerce.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery

14th Amendment

The 14th Amendment guarantees citizenship rights, equal protection under the law, and due process, prohibiting states from infringing on these rights.

15th Amendment

Removes voting obstacles based on race, color

Who does MLK compare himself to when he writes from jail?

Paul. The situations aren't at all equivelant

Meese- Speech to the Federalist Society Lawyers Division

-Constitution's meaning is the "original intention" of the framers (originalism)

-nature of Constitution is to reform government

How does brennan approach the interpretive process?

- prioritizes current public meaning rather than historical meaning.

Brennan- "Speech to the Text and Teaching Symposium"

- responding directly to Meese

- Interpretation of Constitution connected to public view

- we are not chained to the past

- you cannot accuratley know what founders meant

Mill- On Liberty

We should always allow free speech in society, the marketplace of ideas should be allowed to exist because the government should not control truth

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank

Plessy v. Ferguson

Separate but equal

Williams vs. Mississippi

MS poll obstacles were legal

What landmark case legalized abortion in the United States?

Roe vs. Wade

What does Roe vs. Wade say about the 14th amendment and the life of a fetus?

It states that the 14th amendment does not protect the life of a fetus.

In Roe vs. Wade, when is a fetus considered viable?

Viability occurs when the fetus can exist outside of the womb.

What did Roe vs. Wade conclude about the framers' intent regarding the fetus and due process in the 14th amendment?

It concluded that the framers were not considering the fetus when they mentioned due process in the 14th amendment.

Roe V. Wade 1st trimester

privacy is dominant. No viability, and mothers health not a huge factor

Roe v. Wade: Second Trimester

state may reasonably regulate abortion procedure for health reasons;

Roe V. Wade

Third Trimester

viability of fetus= life; mothers health is at risk thus they have less privacy.

Roe v. Wade Dissenting opinion

- said they're making laws not defining them

- argue that Roe is a blend of originalist and progressive ideas thus not legally sound or principled.

Obergefell v. Hodges

states are required to license and recognize same-sex marriages

Texas vs. Johnson

- Ruled that a person has a constitutional right to burn the american flag.

- freedom of speech protects freedom of expression.

- dissenting:

Lee vs. Weisman

Forcing religion at graduation, ruled wrong according to court

Dred Scott vs Sanford

Scott couldn't vote because he was a slave which was property

Korematsu v. US

-FDR's order to send Japanese-Americans into internment camps

-consitutional bc it was a wartime measure

Kelo v. New London

-Her property was sold to the city for public use

-consitutional, does not violate 5th amendment, developing cities economy

Gonzales v. Carhart

upholds ban on abortion during birth

Planned Parenthood v. Casey

-upheld Roe v. Wade

-trimester framework gone

Van Orden v. Perry

-10 commandments sign could stay in court's yard

-religious diaplays acceptable outside

Griswold v. Connecticut

-CN law made it illegal to distribute contraceptives

-ruled that right to privacy is implied through 1,3,4,5,9,14

Zelman v Simmons

-Vouchers to go to religious schools are acceptable

Engel v. Vitale

School prayer is unconstitutional

Town of Greece v. Galloway

-prayer before legislative session is consitutional

-people listening are adults, not children

Kennedy v. New bremerton

- coach led prayer is allowed. it's voluntary.

Shurtleff v. Boston

christian flag case ; the government may not exclude speech based on religious viewpoint

Everson v. Board of Education

wall-of-separation principle between church and state

Establishmentarianism

It's acceptible to have relationship between church and state

James Hunter- "To change the world"

culture

- from the top down

- initiated by elites outside of influence

- elites/institutions overlap to push change

- cultural change involves conflict

economic conservatives

Those who believe government tries to do too many things that should be left to private interests and economic markets.

social conservative

government should be used to uphold traditional moral teaching (kirk)

Economic progressive

government should do more to assist people who have difficulty meeting their own economic means. (Wilson, FDR)

Social Progressives

- government should play little role in defining values

- that policies should allow for new and unconventional values to emerge without discrimination.

Libertarians

small government morally and economically

Populist

active government assists people economically and promotes traditional values.

Positive Rights

- human rights that depend on positive government action, such as the right to education, right to adequate health care

- large government

Negative rights

- rights enjoyed by the government staying away.

- Small government

Stanton- Declaration of Sentiments

- first wave feminism

- she wants equality (drives rights and consent)

- she wants civil equality

- like constitution gives list of grievances

- argues that women are robbed of moral agency because of marriage.

Friedan- "Statement of Purpose"

- 1966

- second wave feminism

- wants equality in every part of society

- says more tech = more ability for women in the workplace.

new social progressivism

- Critical of objective truth

- oppressor/oppressed narrative

- identity is a social construct

- pessimistic about change within the system (the system is the problem)

- identity sensitive policy is necessary

- intersectionality requires "allies" to support

Progressives' view on history

history has shaped us, we should move on from it

Conservative view of history

it is important, we should stand on shoulder of the past.

Same types of problems have been dealt with, thus history becomes an authority.

Wilson/roosevelt

Politically value security and equality

can freedom and equality coexist

no, we often have to choose

Problem conservatives often have

they're wrong in saying everyone has equal oppurtunities

civil liberties

- usually negative rights

- they're not absolute (can have conditions)

Originalism 1.0

original intention of the framers

originalism 2.0

- original public meaning of the constitution

- how they understood and acted upon a word in the original context.

Why is originalism approach possible

- founding is well documented and easy to study

- assumes the past is knowable and barriers are overcomeable

- puts a check on congress by allowing a stable authoritative document

Why is the concept of originalism special to the American Constitution

it is written, which suggests permanence.

Madison "Memorial and Remonstrance"

- Against bill that provides tax-supported religious instruction for Virginians.

- government coercion isn't needed to have an effect on society.

- in essence the separation of church and state helps the church. He wants to maintain the purity of the church.

- religion should impact the state through the values of the people.

- in order to promote freedom, you must treat people equally in terms of religion.

Jefferson- "Letter to the Danbury Baptists"

wall of separation between church and state

- government can control actions not opinions.

- more staunchly separationist than Madison.

- Believes that human progress moves away from religion.

Adams beliefs about establishment clause

- establishmentarian

- morality relies on religion, so government should support it.

Washington's opinion on establishment clause

- nonpreferentialist (believes gvnmnt can discriminate in favor of religion, but not of a specific faith.)

Founders opinion on limiting speech

- were okay with limiting lots of speech.

What does the Supreme Court do regarding political speech?

The Supreme Court protects political speech almost completely.

How is spending money related to political speech?

Spending money is considered a form of political speech.

Are there limits on business donations to political campaigns?

Yes, there are limits to how much businesses can donate to a particular campaign or candidate.

Can obscenity be regulated in political speech?

Yes, obscenity can be regulated, although definitions are difficult in court.

What types of speech can be punished?

Slander, libel, and fighting words (likely to elicit a violent response) can be punished.

Why does Douglas in "A plea for free speech in Boston" feel that free speech is critical?

if we restrict speech, we can't hold government responsible. "We choose our leaders based on what?" = the foundation of a republic.

What is the inherent consequence of depriving freedom of speech according to Douglas?

- It's a double wrong on the hearer and the speaker.

- argues that ALL should have freedom of speech.

What does Mill in his "On Liberty" say is the danger of restricting speech?

- Not allowing access to the "marketplace of ideas" is wrong.

- government should not be able to control truth.

Dobbs vs. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022)

puts abortion back into the hands of the states.

What is a key theme of Lincoln's Lyceum Address?

The importance of building vs maintaining institutions.

What does Lincoln's Lyceum Address advocate for regarding civil liberties?

Preserving civil liberties through strict adherence to the rule of law.

What threats does Lincoln warn against in his Lyceum Address?

Mob rule and lawlessness as threats to civil rights.

What concept does Lincoln emphasize to secure freedom in his Lyceum Address?

Rational patriotism and respect for institutions.

Frederick Douglass, "What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?"

- Critiques the hypocrisy of celebrating freedom while enslaving millions.

- Highlights the exclusion of enslaved people from the nation's ideals of liberty and justice.

- Condemns slavery as a moral and political contradiction to American principles.

- Calls for immediate abolition and accountability to the nation's founding values.

What does MLK mean by 'Injustice Anywhere Threatens Justice Everywhere'?

King emphasizes the interconnectedness of communities and the universal implications of injustice.

How does MLK distinguish between just and unjust laws?

He distinguishes between laws that align with moral law and those that degrade human dignity, stating that segregation laws are unjust because they harm human personality and promote inequality.

What is MLK's stance on the moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws?

King advocates for nonviolent civil disobedience, drawing on theological and philosophical principles to confront and expose the immorality of unjust laws.

What is MLK's argument regarding the urgency of action?

King argues that oppressed individuals cannot afford indefinite patience when faced with systemic injustices and rejects the 'wait' approach.

What critique does MLK offer about moderate allies?

He criticizes white moderates for prioritizing order over justice and delaying support for civil rights, which inadvertently perpetuates the status quo.

How does MLK place civil disobedience in a historical context?

King compares civil disobedience to acts of moral resistance like the Boston Tea Party and early Christian defiance of Roman laws.

US foreign policy priorities

- defense of the homeland

- balance of power

- free trade and commons

- promotion of freedom and democracy

US Foreign policy- After WWII

- attempted to order post war orders through the UN, Bretton Woods Institutions, and Geneva conventions

What was the primary goal of the Truman Doctrine?

To contain the spread of communism by providing support to countries resisting Soviet influence, particularly in Greece and Turkey.

How did Eisenhower's nuclear doctrine differ from earlier Cold War strategies?

Eisenhower's doctrine emphasized nuclear deterrence through "massive retaliation," meaning that any Soviet aggression would be met with overwhelming nuclear force, reducing the need for conventional military engagement.

What was the significance of Nixon's visit to China in 1972?

Nixon's visit marked a significant thaw in U.S.-China relations and was a key part of the détente policy, signaling the U.S.'s willingness to engage with communist nations to reduce Cold War tensions.

What was the goal of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)?

: SALT aimed to limit the growth of nuclear weapons and prevent an arms race between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.

What was the role of the U.S. in the Vietnam War during the Cold War?

The U.S. sought to prevent the spread of communism in Vietnam by supporting the South Vietnamese government against the communist North, ultimately leading to U.S. military involvement and a protracted war.