Unit 7 ap psychology Motivation v.s. Emotion

Abraham Maslow

Developed the Hierarchy of Needs, proposing that human motivation is structured in five levels: physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

Hierarchy of Needs

A motivational theory in psychology, which consists of five levels of needs that are organized hierarchically.

Physiological needs

Basic requirements for human survival, such as food, water, and sleep.

Safety needs

The need for security, stability, and shelter to feel safe from physical and emotional harm.

Love and belongingness

The need for interpersonal relationships, including friendships, family, and social groups.

Esteem needs

The need for self-confidence, achievement, and respect from others.

Self-actualization

The realization or fulfillment of one's talents and potential, often considered to be a primary goal.

A.L. Washburn

Conducted research on hunger and demonstrated that hunger is influenced by stomach contractions, brain signals, and hormones.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Proposes that emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously rather than sequentially.

James-Lange Theory

Suggests that emotions arise after physiological reactions, meaning bodily responses trigger feelings.

Two-Factor Theory

Emotions result from physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal.

Paul Ekman

Studied facial expressions and found that basic emotions are recognized across all cultures.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A model describing the body's response to stress in three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Motivation

The drive that initiates, directs, and sustains behavior toward a goal.

Drive-Reduction Theory

The theory suggesting that physiological needs create an internal drive that compels behavior to reduce the need.

Homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain internal stability, such as regulating temperature and glucose levels.

Incentive

An environmental stimulus that motivates behavior, which can be either positive or negative.

Sensation Seeking

The trait of seeking out new and thrilling experiences, often related to optimum arousal theory.

Approach-Approach Conflict

A conflict that occurs when choosing between two desirable options.

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

A conflict between two undesirable choices.

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A conflict that involves a single option with both pros and cons.

Double Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Choosing between two options that have both positive and negative aspects.

Glucose

The primary energy source for the body; low levels trigger feelings of hunger.

Set Point

The optimal weight range that the body attempts to maintain through metabolic regulation.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to maintain vital functions.

Ghrelin

A hormone that signals hunger to the brain.

Leptin

A hormone that signals satiety and decreases hunger.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

The theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences.

Display Rules

Cultural norms that dictate how and when emotions should be expressed.