Nervous regulation of physiological function (Aine Kelly part 1 lecture 1)

definition of homeostasis: maintaining a relatively consistent … … in the face of … …

internal environment, dynamic change

positive feedback … a stimulus

amplifies

negative feedback helps to return a … back to … range

variable, normal

feedforward is an … response to … change

anticipatory, expected

ganglia are clusters of … … … located outside the CNS within the PNS acting as synaptic … stations

neuron cell bodies, relay

which structures of the NS make up the PNS

1. cranial nerves

2. ganglia outside the CNS

3. spinal nerves

the ANS is in control of … and … muscles and …

smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

lobes of the brain

1. frontal

2. parietal

3. occipital

4. temporal

the 3 major compartments of the brainstem

1. midbrain

2. pons

3. medulla oblongata

gross anatomy parts of the brain (not the lobes)

1. forebrain

2. midbrain

3. hindbrain

the … is the entire largest, upper part of the brain responsible for high-level functions like … and …, while the … … is the thin, folded outer layer of … matter covering it

cerebrum, thought, action, cerebral cortex, grey

parts of the forebrain

1. cerebrum

2. thalamus

3. hypothalamus

4. pituitary gland

parts of the hindbrain

1. pons

2. medulla oblongata

3. cerebellum

grey matter consist of … … while white matter consists of …

cell bodies, axons

CSF is modified … …

blood plasma

diencephalon gives rise to which 3 brain structures

1. thalamus

2. hypothalamus

3. epithalamus

a thick band of … called the … … enables the right and left cerebral cortices to communicate

axons, corpus callosum

parts of the cerebral cortex

1. prefrontal

2. motor

3. somatosensory

4. sensory association

5. visual

6. visual association

7. auditory

two special areas of the cerebral cortex

1. Brocas area

2. Wernickes area

Broca’s area is important for … … and Wernicke’s area is important for … …

forming speech, comprehending language

functions of the cerebral cortex

1. prefrontal cortex: … making and …

2. motor cortex: control of … muscles

3. somatosensory cortex: sense of …

4. sensory association cortex: … of sensory information

5. visual cortex: processing … stimuli and … recognition

6. visual association cortex: combining images and … recognition

7. auditory cortex: …

1. decision making and planning

2. control of skeletal muscles

3. sense of touch

4. integration of sensory information

5. processing visual stimuli and pattern recognition

6. combining images and object recognition

7. hearing

the 12 cranial nerves

1. olfactory

2. optic

3. oculomotor

4. trochlear

5. trigeminal

6. abducens

7. facial

8. vestibulocochlear

9. glossopharyngeal

10. vagus

11. accessory

12. hypoglossal

spinal cord functions as the … link between … and …

neuronal, brain and PNS

… pairs of spinal … emerge from spinal … through spaces formed between …

31, nerves, cord, vertebrae

division of spinal nerves

1. cervical

2. thoracic

3. lumbar

4. sacral

5. coccygeal

the CNS equivalent of a ganglion is a …

nucleus

two types of afferents

visceral and sensory

the visceral afferent division represents an incoming pathway for information from … …

internal viscera

the sensory afferent division represents an incoming pathway for … … information

somatic sensation

the motor system of the ANS carries signals to … … and is mainly voluntary

skeletal muscles

is the ANS generally voluntary or involuntary?

involuntary

the enteric nervous system exerts direct control over the … tract, … and …

digestive, pancreas and gallbladder

the sympathetic division of ANS regulates … and … generation (fight or flight response)

arousal and energy generation

the parasympathetic division has … effects in comparison with the sympathetic division (promotes rest and digest functions)

antagonistic

the autonomic nerve pathway has a two neuron chain made up of a … fiber and a … fiber

preganglionic, postganglionic

the pregnalgionic fiber synapses with the … … of a second neuron while the postganglionic fiber innervates the … organ

cell body, effector

example of a structure which is only innervated by the sympathetic division of the ANS

sweat gland

sympathetic division functions:

1. … pupils

2. … salivary gland secretion

3. … bronchi in lungs

4. … heart rate

5. … activity of stomach and intestines

6. … activity of pancreas

7. … glucose release from liver

8. … gallbladder

9. … adrenal medulla

10. … emptying of bladder

11. … ejaculation and vaginal …

1. dilates pupils

2. inhibits salivary gland secretion

3. relaxes bronchi in lungs

4. accelerates heart rate

5. inhibits activity of stomach and intestines

6. inhibits activity of pancreas

7. stimulates glucose release from liver

8. inhibits gallbladder

9. stimulates adrenal medulla

10. inhibits emptying of bladder

11. promotes ejaculation and vaginal contractions

parasympathetic division functions:

1. … pupils

2. … salivary gland secretion

3. … bronchi in lungs

4. … heart rate

5. … activity of stomach and intestines

6. … activity of pancreas

7. … gallbladder

8. … emptying of bladder

9. … erection of genitalia

1. constricts pupils

2. stimulates salivary gland secretion

3. constricts bronchi in lungs

4. slows heart rate

5. stimulates activity of stomach and intestines

6. stimulates activity of pancreas

7. stimulates gallbladder

8. promotes emptying of bladder

9. promotes erection of genitalia

the sympathetic NS has … preganglionic fibers and … postganglionic fibers

the parasympathetic NS has … preganglionic fibers and … postganglionic fibers

short, long

long, short