Lecture 1 - History of dental materials

Who is considered the first dentist in recorded history?

a) Hippocrates

b) Hesy

c) Celsus

d) Pierre Fauchard

Hesy

Which ancient text mentions dental diseases and toothache remedies?

a) Hippocratic Corpus

b) Ebers Papyrus

c) De Medicina

d) The Odyssey

Ebers Papyrus

Who is known as the father of modern dentistry?

a) Pierre Fauchard

b) Claude Mouton

c) Charles Land

d) William Taggart

Pierre Fauchard

The lost wax casting machine, used for precision cast fillings, was invented by:

a) Alvin Strock

b) William Taggart

c) Nicolas Dubois de Chemant

d) Charles Land

William Taggart

What material was first used by Etruscans for dental prosthetics?

a) Porcelain

b) Vitallium

c) Gold

d) Resin

Gold

Who discovered X-rays, revolutionizing dental diagnostics? 

a) Wilhelm Roentgen

b) Alvin Strock

c) Hideo Kodama

d) David E. H. Jones

Wilhelm Roentgen

What does the Mohs Hardness Scale measure?

a) Hardness of metals

b) Hardness of minerals

c) Elasticity of materials

d) Toughness of materials

Hardness of minerals

Which device is credited as the first intraoral scanner in dentistry?

a) Digital Impression

b) CEREC system

c) Spectrophotometer

d) Colorimeter

CEREC system

The technique of retaining gold crowns in the root canal and recommending white enameling for appearance was described by:

a) Claude Mouton

b) Charles Land

c) Nicolas Dubois de Chemant

d) Pierre Fauchard

Claude Mouton

What innovation is Alain Le Méhauté associated with in dentistry?

a) Porcelain jacket crowns

b) 3D printing with light polymerization

c) X-ray imaging

d) Dental screw implants

3D printing with light polymerization

Which Roman physician wrote about oral hygiene and stabilizing loose teeth?

a) Pierre Fauchard

b) Celsus

c) Hippocrates

d) Aristotle

Celsus

The first porcelain teeth were created by:

a) Nicolas Dubois de Chemant

b) Claude Mouton

c) Pierre Fauchard

d) Charles Land

Nicolas Dubois de Chemant

Who inserted the first Vitallium dental screw implant?

a) David E. H. Jones

b) Alvin Strock

c) Hideo Kodama

d) Bill Masters

Alvin Strock

Which French surgeon identified the role of sugar in tooth decay?

a) Claude Mouton

b) Pierre Fauchard

c) Nicolas Dubois de Chemant

d) Alain Le Méhauté

Pierre Fauchard

What is the purpose of spectrophotometers in dentistry?

a) Measuring tooth hardness

b) Measuring the color of objects

c) Stabilizing loose teeth

d) Creating 3D impressions

Measuring the color of objects

Which hardness measurement uses a pyramid-shaped diamond indenter?

a) Brinell Hardness Number (BHN)

b) Vickers Hardness Number (VHN)

c) Knoop Hardness Number (KHN)

d) Shore D Durometer

Vickers Hardness Number (VHN)

Digital impressions are used in dentistry to:

a) Stabilize loose teeth

b) Capture accurate 3D images of teeth

c) Measure tooth decay

d) Produce gold crowns

Capture accurate 3D images of teeth

The first patent for light-polymerizable resins for layer-by-layer deposition was filed by:

a) Alain Le Méhauté

b) David E. H. Jones

c) Hideo Kodama

d) Bill Masters

Hideo Kodama

Which hardness measurement method uses a diamond-shaped indenter with one long diagonal?

a) Vickers Hardness Number (VHN)

b) Knoop Hardness Number (KHN)

c) Mohs Hardness Scale

d) Rockwell Hardness

Knoop Hardness Number (KHN)

The development of the porcelain jacket crown is credited to:

a) Charles Land

b) Pierre Fauchard

c) Claude Mouton

d) William Taggart

Charles Land

The Shore A Durometer is primarily used to measure the hardness of:

a) Metals

b) Minerals

c) Rubbers and soft plastics

d) Dental ceramics

Rubbers and soft plastics

Which ancient civilization practiced dental prosthetics using gold crowns and bridgework?

a) Etruscans

b) Egyptians

c) Greeks

d) Romans

Etruscans

. Who released the first development for layer-by-layer deposition of material using directed light polymerization?

a) Wilhelm Roentgen

b) Alain Le Méhauté, Olivier de Witte, and Jean Claude André

c) Bill Masters

d) Nicolas Dubois de Chemant

Alain Le Méhauté, Olivier de Witte, and Jean Claude André

Colorimeters in dentistry are used to:

a) Measure tooth strength

b) Measure tooth color at selected wavelengths

c) Determine tooth decay levels

d) Capture 3D images of teeth

Measure tooth color at selected wavelengths

Which hardness testing method involves a conical diamond load cell?

a) Brinell Hardness

b) Vickers Hardness

c) Rockwell Hardness

d) Knoop Hardness

Rockwell Hardness

What are the various levels of toxic agents?

a) Acute < 1 week, Subacute < 1 month, Subchronic 1-6 months, Chronic > 6 months

b) Acute < 24 hours, Subacute < 1 month, Subchronic 1-3 months, Chronic > 3 months

c) Acute < 12 hours, Subacute < 3 weeks, Subchronic 3-6 months, Chronic > 6 months

d) Acute < 48 hours, Subacute < 2 months, Subchronic 2-4 months, Chronic > 4 months

Acute < 24 hours, Subacute < 1 month, Subchronic 1-3 months, Chronic > 3 months

What is the hierarchy of biocompatibility tests?

a) Initial phase – animal tests, Secondary phase – in vitro tests, Usage phase – clinical tests

b) Primary phase – clinical tests, Secondary phase – in vitro tests, Usage phase – animal tests

c) Primary phase – in vitro tests, Secondary phase – animal tests, Usage phase – clinical tests

d) Primary phase – usage tests, Secondary phase – clinical tests, Usage phase – animal tests

Primary phase – in vitro tests, Secondary phase – animal tests, Usage phase – clinical tests

Which of the following is an advantage of initial tests?

a) Best clinical relevance

b) Fast and inexpensive

c) Ethical concerns are minimized

d) High complexity of study design

Fast and inexpensive

What are the disadvantages of animal tests?

a) Ethical concerns, high cost, increased time requirements

b) Poor clinical relevance, lack of standardization, ethical concerns

c) Limited simulation of clinical complexity, high cost, ethical concerns

d) Ethical concerns, low cost, inability to mimic biological interactions

Ethical concerns, high cost, increased time requirements

Which standard divides tests into initial, secondary, and usage phases?

a) ISO 10993

b) ISO 7405

c) ANSI/ADA41

d) MDD

ANSI/ADA41

According to regulating bodies, which class includes dental implants?

a) Class I

b) Class IIa

c) Class IIb

d) Class III

Class IIb

What is the legal basis for the market launch of dental materials within the European Economic Area?

a) Medical Device Directive (MDD)

b) ANSI/ADA41

c) ISO 7405

d) Directive 93/42 EEC

Directive 93/42 EEC

Which of the following are health effects of biomaterials?

a) Allergic reactions, local reactions, genotoxicity

b) Chronic fatigue, systemic inflammation, mutagenicity

c) Local inflammation, fatigue syndromes, carcinogenicity

d) Teratogenicity, allergic reactions, metabolic imbalance

Allergic reactions, local reactions, genotoxicity

Which of the following is true for bioacceptability?

a) It describes how materials interact positively without side effects.

b) It denotes tolerable reactions despite some adverse effects.

c) It is synonymous with biocompatibility.

d) It is unrelated to host response.

It denotes tolerable reactions despite some adverse effects.

What is the advantage of animal tests?

a) Permits a simplified biological response

b) Provides a direct simulation of clinical complexity

c) Allows an intact biological system to respond

d) Requires minimal ethical considerations

Allows an intact biological system to respond

What are the disadvantages of usage tests?

a) Simple study design, low cost, short-term follow-up

b) Complex study design, high cost, long-term follow-up may lead to patient fall-out

c) Ethical concerns, limited simulation of clinical complexity, high cost

d) Inability to stimulate interactions, low standardization, ethical concerns

Complex study design, high cost, long-term follow-up may lead to patient fall-out

Which standard includes preclinical evaluation of biocompatibility and usage tests?

a) ANSI/ADA41

b) ISO 10993

c) ISO 7405

d) Medical Device Directive (MDD)

ISO 7405

What are the requirements for biomaterials in terms of biocompatibility?

a) They must produce allergic reactions and biodegrade over time.

b) They must not sensitize, produce allergic reactions, or release toxic substances.

c) They must promote inflammation for tissue regeneration.

d) They must stimulate immune responses in the circulatory system.

They must not sensitize, produce allergic reactions, or release toxic substances.

What is biocompatibility?

a) The ability of a material to degrade naturally within the human body.

b) The ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response as intended.

c) The measure of the toxic impact of a material on the circulatory system.

d) The process of integrating a material with a host organism without any adverse effects.

The ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response as intended.

Which of the following is true for ISO 10993?

a) It divides tests into initial, supplementary, and specialized tests.

b) It includes tests for market launches within the European Economic Area.

c) It evaluates non-clinical toxicology of materials only.

d) It is unrelated to secondary testing phases.

It divides tests into initial, supplementary, and specialized tests.

Which class of products includes adhesive bandages and reusable surgical instruments?

a) Class I

b) Class IIa

c) Class IIb

d) Class III

Class I

The Buehler’s test is an example of:

a) Primary test

b) Usage test

c) Secondary test

d) Supplementary test

Secondary test

What are the health effects of biomaterials that involve genetic changes?

a) Genotoxicity and mutagenicity

b) Local reactions and inflammation

c) Systemic toxicity and teratogenicity

d) Chronic inflammation and sensitization

Genotoxicity and mutagenicity

Which of the following are disadvantages of initial tests?

a) Limited simulation of clinical complexity and inability to stimulate complex interactions in an organism

b) High cost, long time requirement, ethical concerns

c) Complex study design, high clinical relevance, and poor standardization

d) Ethical concerns, limited standardization, and poor relevance

Limited simulation of clinical complexity and inability to stimulate complex interactions in an organism

Which regulation oversees the registration, evaluation, authorization, and restriction of chemicals in the EU?

a) Medical Device Directive (MDD)

b) Directive 93/42 EEC

c) REACH

d) ANSI/ADA41

REACH

What are the most important regulations for biomaterials in the EU?

a) ANSI/ADA41 and ISO 10993

b) Medical Device Directive (MDD) and REACH

c) ISO 7405 and Directive 93/42 EEC

d) Class I-IV product standards

Medical Device Directive (MDD) and REACH

Class IIa products include:

a) Dental implants and contraceptives

b) Non-invasive products and reusable surgical instruments

c) Surgically invasive products and active diagnostic products without potential risk

d) Products with drug-like effects and life-maintaining functions

Surgically invasive products and active diagnostic products without potential risk

What is the primary feature of bioacceptability?

a) Complete lack of side effects

b) Non-interaction with the living environment

c) Tolerable reactions despite some adverse or unwanted effects

d) Ability to interact directly with the circulatory system

Tolerable reactions despite some adverse or unwanted effects

Which test standard focuses on initial, supplementary, and specialized tests?

a) ISO 10993

b) ANSI/ADA41

c) Directive 93/42 EEC

d) ISO 7405

ISO 10993

What are the advantages of usage phase tests?

a) High relevance to clinical situations

b) Fast and inexpensive

c) Ethical concerns are minimal

d) Standardized and easy to execute

High relevance to clinical situations

Which class includes products with drug-like effects and life-maintaining functions?

a) Class I

b) Class IIa

c) Class IIb

d) Class III

Class III

What does Directive 93/42 EEC regulate?

a) The design and clinical testing of dental materials

b) The market launch of dental materials within the European Economic Area

c) The classification of biocompatibility tests

d) The registration of chemicals used in biomaterials

The market launch of dental materials within the European Economic Area

Which of the following is a requirement for biomaterials in terms of biocompatibility?

a) They should undergo controlled biodegradation.

b) They should stimulate immune responses in tissues.

c) They should not contain harmful or toxic substances.

d) They should induce tolerable levels of mutagenicity.

They should not contain harmful or toxic substances.

Which phase of biocompatibility testing involves animal tests? a) Primary phase

b) Secondary phase

c) Usage phase

d) Clinical phase

Secondary phase

What is the purpose of ISO 7405?

a) To classify products into regulatory classes

b) To outline preclinical evaluation of biocompatibility and usage tests

c) To focus solely on genotoxicity and teratogenicity tests

d) To regulate the registration of medical devices

To outline preclinical evaluation of biocompatibility and usage tests