Anatomy Unit 1 part A

Define Anatomy

The study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

Describe the differences between Gross (macroscopic) anatomy, regional anatomy, systemic anatomy, microscopic anatomy, and developmental anatomy

Gross (macroscopic) ->the study of large visible structures
regional anatomy -> looks at the structures of one specific region (chest)
systemic-> looks at one body system (skeletal)
microscopic -> looks at structures not visible to the naked eye
developmental -> studies anatomical and physiological development throughout life

Describe 2 examples of microscopic anatomy and what them mean

cytology: micro study of cells
histology: micro study of tissues

what is embryology

the study of developments before birth (an example of developmental anatomy)

Define Physiology

Study of the function of body parts and how they preform life saving activities (heart contraction)

define homeostatic tendancies

looks at how body maintains stable internal conditions

Define Pathophysiology

studies physiological processes following disease or injury

Describe complementary of structure and functions

-anatomy and physiology are inseparable
-form and function reflect on each other

what is the structural organization of the body

chemical levels: atoms, molecules, and organelles
cellular levels: single cells
tissue level: groups of similar cells
organ level: contains 2 or more types of tissues
organ systems: organs that work closely together
organism level:all organs combined to make an organism

requirements for life:

Organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, development, reproduction

Describe organization

-separates between internal and external environments (skin)

-separates internal fluids and chemicals from dispersal or contamination from surrounding environments (keeps inside inside and bad stuff out)

Describe metabolism

-all chemical reactions that occur in body cells

-sum of all catabolism (breakdown of molecules) and anabolism (synthesis of molecules)

Describe responsiveness

-ability to sense and adjust to internal and external changes

-withdrawal reflex to prevents injury

-moving toward food and away from danger

-sweating to disperse body heat

Describe movement

-motion of the body

-cell an organ movement: flow of blood, glandular secretion of hormones, heart beating

-joint movement: running, reaching, bending, stretching

Describe development

-all of the bodies changes throughout life

-differentiation (unspecialized cells to specialized structures)

-growth (increase in body size)

Describe reproduction

-humans are multicellular, so to function individuals must be kept alive

-cellular- cell division for growth and repair

-organism- production of off spring from parents

Describe Integumentary System

-encloses internal body structures

-Site of many sensory receptors

Skeletal System

-Supports the body

-Enables movement (with muscular system)

Lymphatic System

-Return fluid to blood

-Defends against pathogens

Muscular system

-Enables movement (with skeletal system)

-Helps maintain body temperature

Nervous system

-Detects and processes sensory information

-Activates bodily responses

Digestive System

-Processes food for use by the body

-Removes wastes from undigested food

Endocrine System

-Secretes hormones

-Regulates bodily processes

Cardiovascular System

-Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues

-Equalizes temperature in the body

Respiratory System

-Removes carbon dioxide from the body

-Delivers oxygen to blood

Male reproductive system

-Produces sex hormones and gametes

-Delivers gametes to female

Female reproductive system

-produces sex hormones and gametes

-Supports embryo/fetus until birth

-Produces milk for infant

Urinary System

-Controls water balance in the body

-Removes wastes from blood and excretes them

What are the survival needs of humans?

-chemicals: for energy and cell building

-carbohydrates: major source of energy

-proteins:needed for cell building and cell chemistry

-fats: long term energy storage

-minerals and vitamins: involved in chemical reactions as well as for structural purposes

-oxygen: essential for release of energy from foods, the body can only survive a few minutes without oxygen

water: most abundant chemical in the body, provides watery environment for chemical reactions

normal body temp: if body temp falls/goes above 37 degrees C chemical reaction rates are affected (farther you get worse body works)

appropriate atmospherical pressure: specific pressure of air is needed for breathing

Homeostasis

-the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment. Always readjusting as needed. Maintained bc of contributions from all organ systems

Homeostatic Controls

-homeostatic controls are made up of receptor, control center, and effector

-nervous and endocrine systems play major roles in maintaining homeostasis

Define Variables

factors that can change (blood sugar, body temp, blood volume)

Receptor (sensor)

-monitors environment (if body detects temp is rising it sends a signal to the brain)

-responds to stimuli: things that cause changes in controlled variables

Control Center

-determines set point at which variable is maintained (once signal goes to brain it goes to the control center)

-receives the input from receptor

-determines the appropriate response

Effector

-receives the output from the control center (skin gets signal and releases sweat)

-provides the means to respond

-response either reduces stimulus(negative) or enhances stimulus (positive)

Negative Feedback loop

-most used feedback mechanism in the body

-response reduces or shuts off original stimulus

Negative Feedback loop examples

-regulation of body temperature (a nervous system mechanism)

-regulation of blood glucose by insulin (an endocrine mechanism)

Positive Feedback mechanism

-response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus

-feedback causes variable to continue in the same direction as initial change

Positive Feedback mechanism examples

-enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin

-platelet plug formation and blood clotting

The disturbance of homeostasis _____

-increases risk of disease

-contributes to changes associated with aging (control systems become less efficient)

-if negative feedback mechanisms become overwhelmed, destructive positive feedback mechanisms may take over (heart failure)