Living together – Food and Ecosystems

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Photosynthesis

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57 Terms

1

Photosynthesis

Process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy in plants and certain prokaryotes.

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2

Chloroplasts

Organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs

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3

Light-dependent stage

First stage of photosynthesis where light energy is converted into chemical energy to produce ATP and NADPH.

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4

Chlorophyll

Pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy.

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5

Light-independent stage

Second stage of photosynthesis where ATP and NADPH are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

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6

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate

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7

NADPH

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

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8

Glucose

A carbohydrate produced during photosynthesis

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9

Factors influencing photosynthesis rate

Concentration of carbon dioxide

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10

Enzymes

Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in living organisms.

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11

Substrate

Molecule upon which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction.

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12

Active site

Region on an enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs.

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13

Lock and key model

Concept describing the specificity of enzyme-substrate interactions.

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14

Limiting factor

Factor that restricts the rate of photosynthesis when it's in short supply.

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15

Inverse square law

Law stating that light intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.

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16

Producers obtain materials

Various substances are taken up and released by photosynthetic organisms to sustain their processes.

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17

Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)

Essential molecules required for photosynthesis to occur in plants.

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18

Mineral ions

Elements required for the construction of cell structures in plants.

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19

Oxygen

Primary waste product released by plants during photosynthesis.

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20

Diffusion

Passive process where gases move from areas of high concentration to low concentration.

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21

Stomata

Pores on the undersides of leaves through which gases enter and exit plants.

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22

Osmosis

Passive movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from high to low concentration.

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23

Root hair cells

Specialized cells in plant roots that uptake mineral ions from the soil through active transport.

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24

Active transport

Process requiring energy where molecules move against their concentration gradient

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25

Guard cells

Cells surrounding stomata that regulate their opening and closing to control gas exchange and water loss.

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26

Phloem and xylem

Plant vascular tissues responsible for transporting nutrients, water, and sugars throughout the plant.

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27

Transpiration

Loss of water vapor from the plant's surface due to evaporation, primarily from the leaves.

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28

Transpiration pull

Mechanism by which water is drawn up the xylem due to cohesive forces between water molecules.

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29

Environmental factors affecting water absorption

Light intensity, air movement, and temperature influence the rate of transpiration and consequently water absorption by plants.

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30

Translocation

Process of moving sugars and amino acids through phloem channels from sources (where they're produced) to sinks (where they're stored or utilized).

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31

Producers

Organisms that convert light energy to chemical energy to produce their own nutrients.

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32

Consumers

Organisms that obtain their energy and biomass by feeding on other animals or plants.

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33

Herbivores

Organisms that consume plants.

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34

Carnivores

Organisms that consume animals.

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35

Decomposers

Organisms responsible for breaking down decaying organic material (detritus).

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36

Ecosystem

All living organisms and abiotic components (soil, rocks, water) interacting in a community.

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37

Population

Organisms of the same species living together in one habitat.

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38

Community

Populations of various species living together in one ecosystem.

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39

Food chain

A diagram illustrating the order of energy transfer through feeding in an ecosystem.

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40

Food web

A diagram showing how different food chains interact with each other.

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41

Biomass

The total mass of living things in an ecosystem.

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42

Pyramid of biomass

A graphical representation of the total biomass at each trophic level in a food chain.

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43

Trophic level

The position of an organism in a food chain, food web, or pyramid of biomass.

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44

Benedict's test used for

Identifying reducing sugars like fructose and glucose.

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45

Result of a positive Benedict's test

Benedict's solution changes from blue to a brick-red precipitate.

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46

Iodine test used for

Detecting the presence of starch.

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47

Result of a positive iodine test

The solution changes color from yellow-brown to blue-black.

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48

Sudan III test used for

Identifying lipids in a solution.

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49

Result of a positive Sudan III test

A noticeable red layer forms on top of the solution.

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50

Biuret test used for

Determining the presence of peptide bonds

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51

Result of a positive biuret test

The solution containing proteins turns violet/purple.

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52

Extracellular digestion

The process by which decomposers break down organic matter outside their cells using enzymes.

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53

Factors influence the rate of decomposition

Temperature, oxygen presence, and water availability.

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54

Carbon cycle

The movement of carbon atoms between the atmosphere and living organisms.

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55

Role of plants in the carbon cycle

Plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and release it during respiration and decomposition.

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56

Water cycle

The continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, land, and oceans.

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57

Role of decomposers in the nutrient cycle

Break down dead organisms to release nutrients back into the soil.

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