Respiratory Diseases in Ruminants

Flashcards about respiratory diseases in ruminants

Name some bacterial infections that can cause secondary infections/undifferentiated bronchopneumonia in ruminants.

Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, Mycoplasma spp.

Which serotypes of Manheimia haemolytica are associated with pneumonic pasteurellosis in weaned calves?

Serotypes A1 and A6

Which serotype of Pasteurella multocida is associated with pneumonic pasteurellosis in the lower respiratory tract?

Serotype A3

What are some predisposing factors for pneumonic pasteurellosis?

Weaning, transportation, mixing animals, processing, poor ventilation, etc.

Are Pasteurella and Mannheimia normal inhabitants of the upper-respiratory tract or opportunistic pathogens of the lower-respiratory tract?

Opportunistic pathogens of the lower- respiratory tract

What are the virulence factors of P. multocida?

Outer membrane proteins, LPS, Lipoproteins

What is the virulence factor of M. haemolytica?

Leukotoxin (LKT)

What does Histophilus somni cause in dairy and beef cattle?

Acute septicemia and involve respiratory, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, or nervous systems, either singly or together

What is the pathophysiology of H. Somni?

Septicemia and certain strains adhere to endothelium → Thrombus formation

What are the clinical signs of H. Somni?

Sudden Death, Pleuritic form: dyspnea, Myocardic form: exercise intolerance, Encephalitic form: recumbency and hyperesthesia, Polyarthritis

What is a key characteristic of Mycoplasmas that affects treatment?

Bacteria, Lack a Cell Wall

Name the Mycoplasma species that commonly affects cattle, sheep and goats.

Cattle: M. bovis, Sheep: M. ovipneumoniae, Goats: Mycoides cluster, M. bovis, M.ovipneumoniae

What are some clinical manifestations of M. bovis in young calves?

Chronic pneumonia, Polyarthritis syndrome (CPPS), Otitis media/interna

What are the clinical signs of M. Bovis?

Fever, Tachypnea, Anorexia, Coughing, Nasal discharge, Respiratory distress, Conjuntivitis, Otitis, Swollen joints, lameness, Limb swelling (tendon sheaths)

Name other diseases caused by M. bovis besides respiratory disease.

Sinusitis, Mastitis, Abortion/infertility, Myocarditis, Pericarditis

What are antibiotics used to treat M. bovis?

Tulathromycin, Florfenicol, Enrofloxacin

What are some diagnostic methods for bacterial pneumonias?

Culture/Sensitivity, CBC, Imaging

What are some necropsy findings for Mycoplasma?

Dark red, firm, consolidated lungs, White/yellow nodules → foci of caseous necrosis

What are the labeled uses for Ceftiofur in food animals?

Respiratory Disease, Metritis, Foot Rot

What is Enrofloxacin used for in cattle?

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) associated with Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni and Mycoplasma bovis in beef and non-lactating dairy cattle

What prevention tools are available to help prevent Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC)?

Preconditioning, Backgrounding, Management at the Feedlot, Vaccination

What are the major factors for preconditioning calves?

Weaned well in advance of shipping to feedlots, Castrated and dehorned, treated for parasites, and vaccinated, Protocols that are tailored to the operation.

What management techniques at the feedlot help to prevent BRD?

Rest, rehydration, and ruminal restoration, Access to clean fresh water and feed, Gradual feed changes, Stocking density and rate, Feed additives, Metaphylaxis

What is aspiration pneumonia?

Inhalation of foreign bodies, often liquid

What are the clinical signs of aspiration pneumonia?

Depression, dyspnea, coughing, fever, putrid breath, crackles, wheezes, pleural friction rubs

How is aspiration pneumonia diagnosed?

Hx, CS, Necropsy

What treatment is available for aspiration pneumonia?

Antibiotics, NSAIDs, Nebulization + coupage

What is the causative agent of Bovine Tuberculosis (TB)?

Mycobacterium bovis

How is Bovine Tuberculosis transmitted?

Direct: exhaled droplets, saliva, feces, milk, urine, vaginal discharges, semen, exudate from lesions. Indirect: contaminated feed and water, equipment, movements of personnel

What are the clinical signs of Bovine TB?

Mild resp signs, soft moist cough. Obvious dyspnea, emaciation and resp distress when advanced stages. Lymph node related: either mass effect or from rupture

What tests can be done in order to diagnose Bovine TB?

Tuberculin skin test and IFN-gamma

What is the procedure for performing a tuberculin skin test?

Single injection of 0.1 ml M.bovis PPD

What is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?

Any respiratory disease that clinically has a sudden onset of dyspnea along with necropsy findings that are consistent with Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia.

What are the clinical signs of ARDS?

Sudden onset dyspnea, head and neck stretching, open mouth breathing, expiratory grunting

What is Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema (ABPEE)?

ARDS of adult cattle, all breeds

What causes ABPEE?

Dry sparse forage → Lush forages

What is the pathophysiology of ABPEE?

L-Tryptophan → indole-3-acetic acid → 3-MI

How is ABPEE treated?

Handle with care, Furosemide, NSAIDs, Steroids

What lung worms are commonly found in bovine, caprine/ovine and swine?

D. viviparus, D. filaria, Ascaris suum

Which clinical signs are commonly seen with Dictyocaulus viviparus infections?

Coughing is the most common CS, Crackles in all lung fields

What is the proper method for diagnosing lung worm?

Baermann Technique on fecal sample

What anthelmintics can be used to treat lungworms?

Fenbendazole (Dictyocaulus and Muellerius), Ivermectin (Dictyocaulus), Levamisole (Dictyocaulus and Muellerius), Eprinomectin-lactating cattle

What causes Progressive Pneumonias of Small Ruminants?

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV)

Name the specific viruses associated with SRLV.

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP) and Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus (CAEV)

How is Ovine Progressive Pneumonia transmitted?

Infected colostrum and milk, but lateral transmission also occurs.

How can Ovine Progressive Pneumonia be controlled?

Testing all sheep (and goats) and removing seropositive sheep from the flock, Removal of lambs at birth and rearing them in isolation from other sheep, Biosecurity, Acquire from accredited free flocks

WHat type of lung pattern does Mainheimia Hymolytica cause?

Mannheimia haemolytica causes a cranioventral lung pattern characterized by consolidation, often leading to pneumonia in ruminants.

fibrinous pleuritis, lung adhesions, Broncho-pneumonia

What must the M. hymolytica vaccine contain to be effective?

must contain leukotoxoid

Histophilus somni

is a bacterium that can cause respiratory disease, reproductive failure, and neurological disorders in ruminants (sleeper calves). It is known to lead to diseases such as pneumonia and thromboembolic meningoencephalitis.

feedlot cattle

Bronchopneumonia

Pleuritis

otitis media

breath won’t be foul smelling

mycarditis

septic arthritis

What drug in food animals is illegal to use extra label?

enrofloxacin (baytril)

used for the tx of BRD

for the use in beef and non-lactating dairy cowsEnrofloxacin (Baytril) is prohibited for extra-label use in food animals due to its potential for causing resistance and adverse effects. It is typically used to treat bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in beef and non-lactating dairy cows, but regulations restrict its extra-label application.

Fluroquinolone

Do not use in dairy cattle 20m or older or in calves to be processed as veal

Mycoplasma

is a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall and can cause various respiratory diseases in ruminants, including pneumonia and arthritis.

What ABx is Mycoplasma naturally “resistant” to?

Mycoplasma is naturally resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics due to the absence of a cell wall, making treatments with penicillin and cephalosporins ineffective.

What two pathogens can be hard to differentiate because they cause both a head tilt and septic arthritis?

mycoplasma and Histophilus somni are often challenging to distinguish due to their overlapping clinical signs, including head tilt and septic arthritis in affected ruminants.

Best test for mycoplasma?

PCR>culture is considered the most reliable method for detecting mycoplasma infections.

What antibiotic does not penetrate lipids or milk well?

cephalosporins are known for poor penetration into lipid-rich environments, including milk.

ceftiofur

0 day milk withdraw

Aspiration pneumonia

is a condition caused by the inhalation of foreign materials, such as food or liquids, into the lungs, leading to inflammation and infection.

CS: putrid breath, fever and respiratory distress.

Bovine Tuberculosis

zoonotic

infection caused by Mycobacterium bovis, primarily affecting cattle but can also infect humans and other animals.

acid-fast bacilli

calcified small nodules

LN and lung abscesation

verminous pneumonia

lung worms

not common in US

dictyocaulaus viviparaous (direct LC) in cattle (L1)

CS: coughing, wt loss

baerman b/c not found on routine fecalinfection caused by parasitic lungworms that leads to respiratory issues in cattle, characterized by coughing and weight loss.

interstitial pneumonia

ARDS (Interstitial Pneumonias)

ABPEE (Acute Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema & Edema

fog fever caused by the ingestion of lush pastures, leading to pulmonary edema and emphysema.

Pathology: L-tryptophan metabolism leading to the production of toxic metabolites (3-methyl indol) which is absorbed and spread through the blood that damage lung tissues.

clara cells and type-1 pneumocytes are damaged and Type2 pneumocytes proliferate

CS: severe dyspnea, coughing, and nasal discharge, load expiratory grunting, frothing, open-mouth breathing

Prevention key!!! can use ionophores (Monensin & Lasalocid)

NO MOLDY SWEET POTATOES (4-ipomeanol)

Perilla mint

Metastic embolic pneumonia

Most common cause of epistaxis in bovinesand is characterized by the spread of bacteria from other infections, leading to lung inflammation and abscess formation. It often results from pathogens like A. pyogenes.

causes septic thrombi from the CVC

liver abscesses 2nary to ruminal acidosis, mastitis, metritis, interdigital cellulitis