Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration and fermentation

oxidative phosphorylation, fermentation

What are the things consisted in the Oxidative Phosphorylation?

• electron transport chain

• chemiosmosis

Describe the Pathway of Electron transport?

• the electron transport chain is in the Cristal of the mitrochondrion

• most of the chains components are proteins, which exist in multi-protein complexes

• the electron transport chain generates no ATP

• NADPH and FADH2 carry electrons to the electron transport chain

• unlike an uncontrolled reaction, the electron transport chain passes electrons in a series of steps instead of one explosive reaction

• O2 pulls electrons down the chain in an energy-yielding tumble

what is the difference between uncontrolled reaction and cellular respiration?

• uncontrolled reaction → has an explosive release of heat and light energy

• cellular respiration → has a controlled release of energy for synthesis of ATP in chemiomosis

what is the process of Chemiosmosis: the energy-coupling mechanism

• H+ moves across the membrane, passing through channels in ATP synthase

• this is an example of chemises, the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

• the H+ gradient is referred to as proton-motive force, emphasizing its capacity to do work

• ATP synthase produces ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

what does fermentation consist of?

• glycolysis

• reactions that regenerate NAD+, which can be reused by glycolysis

what are the two common types of fermentation?

• alchohol fermentation

• lactic acid fermentation

what happens in alcohol fermentation?

• pyruvate is converted to ethanol

• CO2 is released

• Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in brewing, winemaking, and baking

what happened in Lactic acid fermentation?

• Pyruvate is converted to lactate

• no release of CO2

• lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt

• human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce (ex. exercise)

Compare fermentation and Aerobic Respiration

• both processes use glycolysis to oxidize glucose to pyruvate

• the process have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule [(such as pyruvate in lactic) or acetaldehyde (in ethanol)] in fermentation and O2 in cellular respiration

• cellular respiration produces up to 32 ATP per glucose molecule; fermentation produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule