Ancien Roome

What was the Edict of Milan?

A law by Constantine that legalized christianatny and ended its persecutaion in the roman empire.

What is the Holy Sepulchre

A church in Jerusalem, which to be built on on the site of Jesus’s crucifixion and resurrection

Who was Theodosius I ?

A roman empire who made christianity the official religion of the empire

What was the Edict of Thessalonica (380 CE)?

ssued by Theodosius I; made Christianity the official state religion of Rome.

What was Judaea in the Roman Empire?

A Roman province in the Middle East where Christianity began.

What does Messiah mean?

A savior o chosen one in Christianity refers to Jesus

Who was Peter

One of jesus’s main followers, considered the first pope by the catholic churhc

Who was Paul of Tarsus

A christian missionary who spread christiananity

Who ere martyrs?

Christians who were killed for their faith, often during roman persecucutions

Who were the Visigoths

Geranic tribe that invaded rome

Who was Odoacer

Germanic general who removed the power pf the last emperor making the fall of the western roman empire

What were Roman highways

Vasr paved roads built by romans for military and trade use

What was a roman Triumph

A victory parade celebrating a military generals success

Whats a triumphal arch?

A large decrotave arch built to celebrate military victories

What is an aqueduct

structure that used gravity to carry water from mountains into roman cities

What hypocaust

Ab underdloo heaing system used in roman baths and homes

What were insulae

Apartment blocks where most urbanromans lived often crowded and unsafe

What was a domus

A provate house for wealthy romans usually with a courtyard (atrium)

What is a basilica

A large public building used for law courts and business later used as churches

What is a mosaic

Art work made from tiny pieces of coloured stone or glass which was used to decorate roman floors and walls

What does “Bread and circuses” mean?

A phrase describing how roman leaders kept the poor happy with free food and entertainmnt instead of solving real issues.

What was a circus in rome?

A large racetrack for chariot racing like the circus maximus

What is the amphitheater?

A circular or oval stadium with seating all around it, used for preformances and games (colosseum)

What is the main difference between Roman law and Mesopotamian law?

Roman law was detailed, flexible, and focused on fairness and citizens’ rights, while Mesopotamian law was older, harsher, and centered on strict punishments with social status affecting penalties.

What was the terrain of ancient Rome

Mostly hilly, with fertile plains which were excellent for farming and supporting the population. the mountainou region made transport and communication difficult but being in the centre of the italian peninsula did lead to great trade connections.

Significant mountains

Apennine Mountains - ran down the italian Peninsula and helped protect and unify the peninsula

Alps - in the north and provided natural protection

significance of the Tiber River

It provided fresh water, transportation, and trade access. Most importantly, it provided very feryile lands esspecially on the banks

Whats Po River

Italys longest river that helped with farming and trade.

What is Magna Graecia and what is its significance

refers to “Greater Greece”; which was Greek colonies in southern Italy; this spread Greek ideas to Rome.

• religion

• archetechture

• philisophical ideas

What did the Romans grow?

Grains, Olives, Grapes

How did the Roman civilization begin (myth)

• Rhea Silvia, a princess, has twins with Mars, god of war

• Her evil uncle Amulius tries to kill the babies

• Twins are set in a basket on the Tiber River

• A she-wolf saves and nurses them

• Shepherd Faustulus raises them

• They grow up and kill Amulius, restoring their grandfather Numitor

• Decide to build a city, argue over it

• Romulus kills Remus

• Romulus founds Rome in 753 BCE

What was Aenid and what was its significance

Roman epic poem written by Virgil around 19 BCE. it tells the story of Aeneas journey after the fal of troy. He travels accross the mediterranean and eventually lands in italy. He is said to be an ancestor of romulus and remus.

How did Roman civilization begin?

Indo-European settlers settled in small, scattered villages on the central plains. They spoke an early form of Latin and took up farming and trading. They built a bridge across the Tiber River because it was interfering with trade. That led to many villages developing by that bridge, growing into a town, and becoming Rome!

Timeline of Romans and the Etruscans

1200 - 509 BCE

Who were the Etruscans?

A very sophisticated society north of Rome. They gained power and expanded their territory into Rome.

Why was the Roman military no match for the Etruscans.

The Etruscans forced their citizens into serving in the military. Their troops were very organized and experienced. whereas Romans would send combat-ready men to defend only when necessary.

Who were the Tarquins?

An Etruscan family that ruled Rome till 509. The last king was Tarquin the Great, who was very oppressive, leading to the Romans overthrowing him and becoming independent.

How long did the rule last?

over 100 years

how did the Etruscans influence the Romans 8

1. learned how to use the arch

2. built aqueducts

3. drainage systems

4. walled cities

5. metal working

6. religious beliefs’

7. Etruscan alphabet (taken from the Greeks)

8. Took on the principle of compulsory military

When was the Roman Republic?

509 - 146

What was the Roman Republic

Citizens can elect TWO representatives to run. They led the government and the army

Why is the Roman Republic so significant?

Many advancements, social and political changes, as well as Roman power and influence. During the Republic, Rome became the leading power in the Mediterranean.

What’s the League of Italian Nations

Before Rome became a massive empire, it formed alliances with other groups in Italy.

Whats a Legion?

Large Roman army about 4000 - 6000 soldiers

Whats a Cohort?

A subdivision of a legion - around 480 soilders.

Whats a Legionary ?

A proessional Roman Soldier, trained, disciplined, and heavily armed.

What were the punic wars and how did they start?

The punic wars were a series of 3 wars between Rome and Carthage for control of the Mediteranean. The Phoencian city of carthage had great naval power, was rich in wheat, and controlled most of sicily and sardina. This posed a huge threat on costal italy.

Who was Hannibal?

A brilliant Carthaginian general who led troops and elephants over the alps into italy during the second punic war. He won several battles.

What was the battle of Zama?

The last battle of the second punic war. Rome defeats Carthage and Hannibal commits suicide.

Why did the Punic wars Come to an end?

Since Rome feared for the comeback of Carthage Rome burned Carthage to he ground and turned carthage into a roman state.

Mare Nostrum

Latin for “Our Sea”; what the Romans called the Mediterranean Sea after conquering Carthage.

Whats a Senate?

Powerful group of wealthy Romans (mainly patricians) who controlled laws, and money

What is a Patrician?

upper class, wealthy landowners, and held most of the power in the early republic.

What are Plebeians

Common people (farmers, merchants ect.) had fewer rights

Whats a Consul?

Two elected leaders who shared power and commanded the army (1 year terms)

Whats a tribune?

An official elected by the Plebians to protect their rights

Who were the Gracchi brothers (Tiberius and Gaius)

After the wars small farmers received super little for their crops because the demand was low (had so much). Farmers became pooror and particians became richer. inequality was peaking so these brothers Tried to redistribute land to the poor farmers to reduce inquality. they ended up both being killed because their reforms threatened wealthy elites.

What are the laws of the twelve tables?

Romes first laws developed during the republic. Made laws oublic so they knew their rights.

Whats Cura Annonae (dole)

Government program to distubute free or cheap grain to poor romans. this helped prevent famines and keep urban pop. stable.

What is the Marian reform? (gaius marius)

a popular general and polititian Gaius Marius allowed landless citenzends to join the army. this created a professional army loyal to generals

Who is sulla?

Rival general to marius and became dictator after the civil war. He strengethened senates power and liited the tibunes authorty

Whats a Triumvirate

A group of three powerful en ruling toggether.

• first: Julius caesar, Pompey, Crassus

• second: Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus

Who was Julius Caesar

He was a popular general and dictator who expanded romes territory. He started a civil war, and was assassinated on the Ides of March by senatores

Why did Julius Caesar get assassinated?

Snators were scared that he had too much power. He had called himself dictator for life and many feared he would become king. so they stabbed him to protect the republic - or so they thought.

What is the rubicon

A river Caesar crossed which broek roman law and started a civil war. Phrase means point of no return.

Who was Octavian / Agustus

He was julius Caesars adopted heir and became the first roman emperor, starting the roman empire, and ending the rupublic

Why did the Roman Republic fall?

The Roman Republic fell because rich people got too powerful, the poor were treated unfairly, and the army stopped listening to the government. Julius Caesar took control, but after he was killed, his son Octavian became the only ruler. That’s when Rome stopped being a Republic and became an Empire.

What is Pax Romana (27 - 180 CE)

Means Roman peace and was a 200- year period of stability, prosperity, and expansion. Began with Agustus

Whats a Praetorian Guard

Elite soldiers who protected the emperor. eventually gained political power, and sometimes helped choose or kill emperors. Agustus established them, and hid them to avoid any impression f military dictatorship.

Who was Tiberius?

Stepson and successor of Agustus. Known for being a skilled general but became parannoid and unpopular due to harsh punishments. He moved and left rome in the hands of corrupt officials.

Who was Caligula

Was successor of tiberius and became incredibly cruel, erratic, and insane. He spent huge amounts of money, declared himself a god, and made his horse a priest He was assaisinated by his Praetorian guard

Who was Nero

Accused of starting the Great Fire of Rome to make room fot his domus aurea (golden house). He persecuted christians because he bamed them for the fire. And then commited suicide

Who was Trajan

First emperor born outside of italu. He led rome to its greatest territorial size. hE FUNDED MASSIVE BUILDING PROJECT.

Who is Hadrian

Focused on defending the empire instead of expanding it so he built hadrians wall accross not=rthern bristain to protect from tibes.

Marcus Aurelius

Known as the philosopher emperor who practiced mediations. Faced constanr wars with Germanic tribes, and his reign was the last of the Pax Romana. His son Commodus followed him marking the start of the empires decline.

What are Barbarians

Non Romans who didnt speaj Latin or Greek.

Who are the Parthians

Ruled persian empire and one of romes tughest rivals. They fought several wars over control of msopotamia .

Who was Diocletian?

Roman emperor during the fall who reorganized rhe empire to stop its collapse

Whats a Tetrarchy?

A system of 4 rulers to better manage the large emperor. this was created by diocletian

Who was Constatine I?

First roman empeeror to convert to christianity?

Whas the edict of Milan?

A decree Constantine issued to end the persecution of christians

What was Byzantium/Constantinople?

Originally the city was called Byzantium but was renamed Constaninople by Emperor constantine as the new capital of the Roman empire. today its istanbull turkey.