Unit 2

adrenal cortex

outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol aldosterone, and sex hormones

adrenal medulla

inner section of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

ovaries

located in lower abdonmen of a female; responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion

pancreas

located behind the stomach

parathyroid glands

four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland

pituitary gland

located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica; composed of an anterior lobe( adenohypophysis) and a posterior lobe( neurohypophysis)

testes

two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion

thyroid gland

located in the neck on either side of the trachea;

thyroid:: thyroxine(T4)

increases metabolism in body cells

thyroid: triiodothyronine(T3)

increases metabolism in body cells

thyroid: calcitonin

decreases blood calcium

parathyroids: parathyroid hormone

increases blood calcium

adrenal cortex: aldosterone(mineralocorticoid)

increases reabsorption of sodium

androgens, estrogens

secondary sex characteristics

adrenal cortex: cortisol( glucocorticoid)

increases blood sugar. Secreted in times of stress and has an anti- inflammatory effect.

adrenal medulla: epinephrine(adrenaline)

increases heart rate + blood pressure + dilates airways (sympathomimetic). Part of the body's "fight or fly" reaction

adrenal medulla: norepinephrine(noradrenaline)

increases heart rate + blood pressure + dilates airways (sympathomimetic).

insulin

Secreted by beta islet cells of the pancreases. decreases blood sugar(glu to glycogen)

glucagon

secreted by alpha islet cells of the pancrease, increases blood sugar(glycogen to glu)

prolactin(PRL)

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland,promotes growth of breast tissue and milk secretion

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, stimulates adrenal cortex, especially cortisol secretion

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, stimulates thyroid gland and thyroxine secretion

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, stimulates hormone secretion + egg production

Growth hormone (GH)

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, increases bone and tissue growth

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin)

secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, stimulates reabsorption of water by kidney tubules + raises blood pressure

Oxytocin

secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, Stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and childbirth

estrogens

promote development of ova and female secondary sex characteristics
eg: estradiol, estrone

progesterone

secreted by the ovaries: prepares and maintains the uterus in pregnancy

testosterone

promote development of sperm and male secondary sex characteristics

target tissue

cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones

Catecholamines

hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by the adrenal medulla.
eg: epinephrine

corticosteroids

hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
eg: cortisol, aldosterone, androgens, estrogens

electrolyte

mineral salt found in the blood and tissues and necessary for proper functioning of cells
eg: potassium, calcium, sodium

glucocorticoid

steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism

Homeostasis

tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment

hormone

substance, secreted by an endocrine gland, that travels through the blood to a distant organ or gland where it influences the structure or function of that organ or gland

hypothalamus

Region of the brain lying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland. It secretes releasing factors and hormones that affect the pituitary gland.

Mineralocorticoids

steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate mineral salts and water balance in the body
eg: Aldosterone

receptor

cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited

sella turcica

cavity in the skull that contains the pituitary gland

sex hormones

steroids produced by the adrenal cortex to influence male and female sexual characteristics

steroid

complex substance related to fats and of which many hormones are made

sympathomimetic

pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system