Unit 7: 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments

Industrial Revolution

A period of major economic and social changes characterized by the transition from manual labor to machine-based manufacturing.

Nationalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the importance of national identity, culture, and sovereignty.

Imperialism

The policy of expanding a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or economic domination.

Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes individual rights, equality, and limited government intervention in the economy.

Conservatism

A political ideology that emphasizes tradition, social hierarchy, and the importance of maintaining established institutions and values.

Marxism

A critique of capitalism that calls for a socialist revolution to overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish a classless society.

Revolutions of 1848

A series of uprisings across Europe for political reform and greater democracy, inspired by the ideals of the French Revolution.

Congress of Vienna

A post-Napoleonic settlement among European powers to restore order and balance of power in Europe.

Crimean War

A conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, involving European powers and fought over control of the Black Sea region.

American Civil War

A conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865 over issues of slavery and states' rights.

Dual Monarchy

A political entity that existed from 1867 to 1918, formed by the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, which established the Empire of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary as two separate and equal states within a single monarchy.

Austro-Hungarian Compromise

The agreement reached between the Austrian and Hungarian governments in 1867, which granted Hungary more political power and autonomy in exchange for its loyalty to the monarchy.

Nationalist Movements

Movements that sought greater autonomy or independence for their respective regions within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which faced challenges from these movements due to its multinational state that included various ethnic groups.

Empire of Austria

The original political entity that preceded the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary, created in 1804 as a multinational state that included various ethnic groups.

Triple Entente

A military alliance formed by France, Russia, and the United Kingdom before World War I.

Central Powers

A military alliance formed by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (later switched sides to join the Triple Entente) before World War I.

Darwinism

A scientific theory proposed by Charles Darwin that explains how species evolve over time through natural selection.

Natural Selection

A process by which the fittest individuals in a population are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their advantageous traits to their offspring.

Social Darwinism

A social theory that applies the principles of natural selection to human societies and social classes, often used to justify racism and discriminatory policies.

Eugenics

A set of beliefs and practices aimed at improving the genetic quality of a human population, often through selective breeding or sterilization.

Old Imperialism

A period of imperialism from the 16th to the 18th century that focused on establishing trading posts and controlling trade routes, with colonies being established for economic purposes and indigenous people often being exploited for labor and resources.

New Imperialism

A period of imperialism from the late 19th to the early 20th century that focused on acquiring territories for political and strategic reasons, with colonies being established for political and military purposes and indigenous people often being subjugated and their cultures suppressed. Racism and Social Darwinism were used to justify imperialism.

Spanish Colonization

The process by which Spain established colonies in the Americas during the Old Imperialism period, with the primary goal of economic gain through the exploitation of indigenous labor and resources.

Portuguese Colonization

The process by which Portugal established colonies in Brazil during the Old Imperialism period, with the primary goal of economic gain through the exploitation of indigenous labor and resources.

Subjugation

The act of bringing a group of people under control and domination, often through force or coercion, as seen in the New Imperialism period when indigenous people were subjugated and their cultures suppressed.

Military Force

The use of military power to establish dominance over weaker nations.

Economic Exploitation

The act of extracting resources and wealth from colonies through industries such as plantations, mines, and high taxes.

Cultural Hegemony

The imposition of the culture, language, religion, and customs of the imperial power on colonized people, erasing their cultural identity.

Diplomacy

The use of treaties and agreements with local rulers to establish control over territories and prevent other imperial powers from expanding influence.

Propaganda

The use of media to justify imperialist policies to the imperial power's own people and portray the colonized people as backward and uncivilized.

Boxer Rebellion

A response to the economic and political domination of foreign powers, particularly Britain and Japan in China (1899-1901).

Indian Rebellion of 1857

A response to the British East India Company's exploitation of Indian resources and the imposition of British culture and religion, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.

Mau Mau Uprising

A response to British colonial rule and the confiscation of land from Kenyan farmers (1952-1960).

Algerian War of Independence

A response to French colonial rule and the suppression of Algerian culture and language (1954-1962).

Romanticism

A cultural movement that originated in Europe in the late 18th century and lasted until the mid-19th century. It emphasized emotion, individualism, imagination, and nature, and rejected the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason and logic.

Modern Art

The art produced between the 1860s and the 1970s, which marked a period of significant change in the art world. It was a response to the changing social, economic, and political conditions of the time, and reflected the shifting ways people lived and worked.

Determinism

The belief that all events, including human actions, are ultimately determined by causes external to the will.

Crimean War

Conflict between Russia and an alliance of France, Britain, and the Ottoman Empire (1853-1856). Fought over control of the Black Sea region, it was the first war to be extensively covered by the media. It resulted in the defeat of Russia and the restructuring of the European balance of power.

Balkan Wars

A series of two conflicts (1912-1913) fought between the Ottoman Empire and Balkan states, resulting in the loss of Ottoman territories in Europe and the emergence of independent Balkan nations.

First Balkan War (1912)

Conflict between Ottoman Empire and Balkan League (Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro). Balkan League won, Ottoman Empire lost most of its European territory.

Second Balkan War (1913)

Conflict between Bulgaria and its former allies Serbia and Greece, resulting in Bulgaria's defeat and loss of territory.

American Revolution

Event in which 13 American colonies fought for independence from British rule. It began in 1775 with the Battle of Lexington and ended in 1783 with the Treaty of Paris. Key figures include George Washington and Thomas Jefferson.

Indian independence movement

Movement that aimed to end British colonial rule in India. Led by figures such as Mahatma Gandhi, it used nonviolent civil disobedience tactics to achieve independence.

African independence movements

Movement that aimed to end colonial rule in Africa and establish independent nations. It was characterized by protests, boycotts, and armed resistance. Many African countries gained independence in the 1950s and 1960s, though some struggled with civil wars and political instability.

Age of Progress and Modernity

Period of significant advancements in industry, technology, and society during the 18th and 19th centuries. Characterized by the rise of capitalism, urbanization, and scientific discovery. Marked by significant social, political, and economic changes, including the Industrial Revolution, Enlightenment, and the rise of nationalism.