ap bio unit 2

2 organelles that contain their own DNA separate from the chromosome

2 organelles that contain their own DNA separate from the chromosome

Mitochondria and chloroplast

What domains fall under prokaryotic cells?

Bacteria and archaea

What are the basic features of all cells?

Membrane, cytoplasm, chromosomes, ribosomes

This organelle synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies poison, and stores calcium

Smooth ER

This cell is characterized by having DNA in a nucleus that is bound by a nuclear envelope and membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotic cell

This is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules

Lysosome

The __________ is a selective barrier that allows oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the volume of every cell

Plasma membrane

Ribosomes use the information from the DNA to make what

Proteins

This cell type is characterized by having no nucleus, but instead a nucleoid, and no membrane bound organelles

Prokaryotic cell

Diffusion through protein channels is known as what?

Facilitated diffusion

Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

Nucleolus

What happens to a plant cell when placed in pure water (hypotonic solution)?

It becomes turgid, cell wall protects from bursting

Site of photosynthesis

chloroplast

These vacuoles pump excess water out of the cell

Contractile

This ER lacks ribosomes

Smooth ER

This organelle modifies products of the ER, manufactures certain macromolecules, sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

Golgi apparatus

What kind of amino acids will anchor proteins into the membrane?

Non-polar

What is it called when cells are moving molecules against its concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration? What does it require to do this?

Active transport, requires ATP

Site of cellular respiration

Mitochondria

These types of vacuoles are formed by phagocytosis

Food

The logistics of carrying out cellular metabolism sets a limit on the size of cells. The ________ to _______ ratio of a cell is critical.

Surface area to volume

Both animals and plants have _________ that allow molecules to pass readily between adjacent cells without crossing plasma membranes.

Cell junctions

These vacuoles are found in many mature plant cells and they hold organic compounds and water

Central

What are the 3 main types of membrane receptors?

G-protein linked, tyrosine kinases, ion channel

Oxidative organelles

Peroxisomes

What happens when you put a red blood cell in pure water (hypotonic solution)? Why?

The cell will burst because water rushes into the cell.

The ________ is continuous with the nuclear membrane

ER membrane

Which part of the phospholipid bilayer is considered hydrophobic?

Fatty acid tail

Which part of the phospholipid bilayer is considered hydrophilic?

Phosphate head

How does the membrane become semipermeable to polar molecules?

Protein channels

_______ is a water channel in bacteria.

Aquaporin

This is the movement of molecules from a HIGH concentration to a LOW concentration. What type of transport is this?

Diffusion, passive transport

What is osmosis?

Diffusion of water across a semi permeable membrane

What does hypertonic mean?

More solute, less water

What does hypotonic mean?

Less solute, more water

What does isotonic mean?

Equal solute, equal water

What happens when you water plants with salt water? Why?

It will wilt because water will leave the plant and go toward the hypertonic solution (salt water).

Signal transduction pathways serve to convert signals on a cell's surface into cellular ________.

Responses

A _______ is a chemical released by a cell in one part of the body, that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism.

Hormone

What are plant hormones called?

Phytohormones

How are hormones transported?

In the blood

What are the 3 stages of cell signaling?

Reception, transduction, response

Reception occurs when a ________ molecule binds to a ______ protein, causing it to change _____.

Signal, receptor, shape

Membrane receptors that attache phosphates to specific amino acids in proteins are called

Receptor tyrosine-kinases

The activation of this pathway occurs when a GTP displaces the GDP.

G-protein linked receptor pathway

Part of the receptr on the cytoplasmic side serves as an enzyme which catalyses the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to a certain amino acid on a substrate protein. This is an example of what signal transduction pathway?

Tyrosine kinase receptor pathway

This pathway requires formation of a dimer.

Tyrosine-kinase pathway

The signal molecule that binds to a receptor is typically called a what?

Ligand

What needs to happen to a receptor to initiate the transduction of a signal?

Conformational change (change in shape)

What is the formula for solute potential?

Ys=-iCRT

What is the ionization constant for sucrose? What about NaCl?

Sucrose = 1

NaCl = 2

What types of cells typically have a pressure potential? What is this due to?

Plant cells due to a cell wall

what is the pressure potential of an open beaker?

0

How is temperature measured in the water potential equation?

Kelvin

If the temperature was 39 degrees C, what is the temperature in Kelvin?

312K

What is the cell junction of a plant called?

Plasmodesmata

What is the cell junction of an animal cell called?

Gap junction