TExES Social Studies 7-12 (232) World History Competency 001

Cultural Diffusion

Population movement where people spread their cultures to new areas to include innovations, technology, religion, language, food, clothing styles, and disease.

Hominids

Human-like creatures called primates that were bi-peds, sizable brains and a larynx

Paleolithic Age

Known as the Old Stone Age hominids refined tools and inhabited all continents except Antarctica.

Paleolithic Age

Survival during this age depended on foraging as hunter gatherers and it marked a time when fire was discovered.

Paleolithic Age

Nomadic groups during this age that traveled in small groups to to follow herds and find new areas of with edible plants.

Neolithic Revolution

This period was marked from the changeover from hunter-gatherers to food producing and the settlement of more complex societies.

Neolithic Revolution

This era is called the New Stone Age where the earliest methods of cultivation was slash and burn agriculture

Slash and Burn

This is an agricultural technique firs introduced in the Neolithic Revolution that involves cutting and burning plants in forests and woodlands to create fields

Subsistence Agriculture

This is known as self-sufficiency farming and was predominant in Neolithic civilizations.

Agriculture

The deliberate tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber.

Jericho

This was one of the worlds first Neolithic villages found in modern-day Israel

Neolithic Revolution

During this era village life encouraged specialized labor, everyone was no longer dedicated to food production leading to pottery, metallurgy, and textiles.

Bantu

This culture of Africans was noted for its movement across Africa that had an established language, tools, and the establishment of segmentary societies

Segmentary Societies

Govern through kinship and family

Bronze Age

This era was marked by metallurgy originating with the use of copper mixed with tin and were first used in Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia

This was located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern Iraq.

Assyrian Empire

This empire was noted for first using Hammurabi's Code

Sumer

The knowledge of irrigation led to an increased food supply and the founding of this city in Mesopotamia

Ur Babylon

These two cities emerged in Mesopotamia

Cuneiform

This was a Sumerian achievement developing the first form of writing

Sumerians

They had advanced irrigation systems, a number system, and built Ziggurats

Epic of Gilgamesh

This was written by the Sumerians which included a story of a great flood.

Egypt

This civilization emerged with agricultural settlements in the Nile River Valley

King Menes

He was the first Egyptian pharaoh who merged upper and lower Egypt

Pharaoh

This was believed to be a reincarnation of the sun god who controlled access to the Nile

Hatshepsut

This was a female pharaoh of Egypt

Book of the Dead

Egypt established a polytheistic religion based on life after death using this book.

Ra

He is the sun god

Egyptians

Noted for written language, mummification, paper-making, irrigation 365-day calendar and architecture.

Cleopatra

Alexander the Great conquered Egypt and placed the Ptolemy family on the throne. This leader was the last of the Ptolemy rulers.

Babylonians

These were great warriors best known for establishing high standards of behavior and stern punishments for violators

Hammurabi's Code

Developed by the Babylonians, this relied on the lex talionis for of punishment and social standing where upper classes were favored

Iron Age

Mesopotamian's added carbon to increase strength and produce harder sharper edges

Assyrian's

They were responsible for using iron tools to conquer Mesopotamia.

Patriarchal Society

This was the basis of Mesopotamian and Egyptian societies where men made decisions about the division of household chores among family members

Patriarchal Society

Men dominated public life in this society ruling as kings and pharaoh's

Hebrews

These were nomads who settled between Mesopotamia and Egypt and developed the worlds first monotheistic religion.

Phoenicians

They settled in present-day Lebanon, north of Israel, known as seafarers who dominated trade in the Mediterranean basin.

Phoenicians

They are responsible for developing a writing system of 22 symbols and formed the foundation of the modern alphabet (phonics or phonetic alphabet)

Indus River Valley

Two main cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were established here and their construction indicated standard use of weights and measures.

Sanskrit

This is the sacred language of Aryan India

Aryans

They were originally pastoral nomads that migrated south and established small communities in northern India replacing Harappan civilization

Aryans

They invaded the Indus River Valley

Aryans

They developed a complex caste system formed around skin color

Mauryan Dynasty

Classical Indian dynasty that developed out of political void created by failed invasions of the Persians and was led by Maurya who unified India from the Indus to the Ganges. His death marked the end of this dynasty

Gupta Dynasty

They laid the foundations of this empire by making alliances with families in the Ganges and left government to the locals bringing prosperity and stability. Its decline was from the invasion by the White Huns

Jainism

Indian belief system popularized by Mahavira who practiced nonviolence to living things or their soles.

Caste System

This developed over time that were divided into four main varnas or social classes.

Caste System

This included priests (brahmins), warrirors and aristocrats (kshatriyas), cultivators artisans and merchants (vaishyas) landless peasants and serfs (shudras) and later untouchables who performed unpleasant tasks.

Occupation

This determined a persons subcaste

Buddhism

Stemming from India this stressed the end of suffering and desires through meditation and was founded by Gautama, later called "the enlightened one"

Dharma

This is the principle in Buddhism where religion or law orders the universe

Four Noble Truths

In Buddhism all life involves suffering and by eliminating desire you can eliminate suffering which is part of the _____.

Nirvana

This is the goal of Buddhism and the Four Noble Truths which is a state of spiritual independence.

Eightfold Path

From Buddhism this is derived from the fourth Noble Truth which are a series of "rights" to achieve Nirvana.

Hinduism

This is the worlds oldest religion whose goal is to find the path to salvation

Salvation

______ is achieved by individuals who meet responsibilities by obeying laws of their caste

Bhagavad Gita

Known as the Song of the Lord it is a brief poem that outlines Hindi expectations and the path to salvation, or moksha.

Reincarnated

In the Hindu religion a person is ________ into their caste system on the basis of behavior

Vedas

Hindus used these to form the caste system, and were the primary texts of Hinduism

Rig Veda

This is the first book of the Vedas

Vedas

These included songs, hymns, prayers honoring Aryan gods and were handed down by Brahmin priests

Vedas

These were originally passed down orally when they were recorded in Sanskrit

Veda

This word means wisdom or knowledge

Xia Dynasty

They developed along the Huang He River

Yellow River

Huang He translated means this

China's Sorrow

The Yellow River has been nicknamed this because of unpredictable flooding

Mandate of Heaven

This is a link between Heaven and Earth with a duty to maintain order and dispense justice. AS long as things go smoothly the ruler will remain in power but if it fails this will be bestowed upon a more deserving candidate justifying rebellions and revolts.

Mandate of Heaven

This relates very closely to the European concept of divine right.

Shang Dynasty

The rise of this was based on technology, especially bronze which were monopolized

Shang Dynasty

They practiced ancestor worship using oracle bones to divine the future.

Zhou Dynasty

Rule was by proclamation, they allied with Shang adopting customs and culture and later overthrew the Shang king.

Book of Songs

Most writings of this dynasty were lost however this book was preserved early Zhou literature.

Silk

This was first produced by the Shang dynasty and at the advent of the Han Dynasty it was highly regarded luxury product and a guarded imperial secret.

Hundred Schools of Thought

Combined, Confucianism, Legalism, and Daosim made up this

Warring States

This period in China was a time of disunity where many independent states adopted Legalist philosophies as the basis for rule.

State of Qin

This Chinese state used legalism to gain control and unify China

Qin Dynasty

They unified and ended the Warring States by attacking one province at a time; period in China and ruled with a centralized bureacracy.

Qin Dynasty

This was short lived becasue of strict laws and harsh punishments

Warring States

This period of turmoil in China led to the development of three significant schools of thought

Shi Huangdi

Self proclaimed first emperor of China established out of Xianyang and linked sections of the Great Wall

Confucius

Living during CHina's Warring States period he sought to restore order

Analects

Confucius' teachings were recorded in these which has had a dramatic impact on Chinese government and culture

Junzi

Meaning superior individuals this was to promote good government with people who were well educated and conscientious providing perspectives through many angles.

Confucianism

This philosophy attempts to create social order through loyalty and respect

Junzi

This possessed qualities such as ren, li, and xiao (respect and loyalty, appropriate behavior, and children to respect elders)

Daoism

This reflected on the natural principles that govern the world to achieve harmony with nature.

Daoism

Its central concept is the way of nature or the cosmos

Legalism

This is based on the goal of expading and strengthening the state at all costs; it is ruthless and efficient.

Legalism

Its strength lies in its agriculture and military with these two areas in the highest of demand

Han Dynasty

The most significant Empire in China, this was responsible for building roads and canals to increase trade an communication leading to the development of trade routes and the Silk Roads

Wudi

He was an emperor during the Han Dynasty who established the university system based on Confucianism

Han Dynasty

Later they seperated to Luoyang however the issue of inequitable land distribution led to disorder and internal weakness from peasant factions leading to its downfall

Yellow Turban Uprising

This was a rebellion by peasants that weakened the Han Dynasty where factions developed in courts that affected central government leading to its fall.

Japan

Earliest inhabitants were nomadic peoples from northeastern Asia that was an agricultural society inspired by China

Nara

One of the earliest cities in Japan it was modeled as a replica of Chang'an in China

Shinto

Religious belief of Japan that was fused with Chinese Buddhism and Confucianism

Heian Period

This period in Japanese history was centralized in the Fujiwara family where boys received a formal education with women contributing to Japanese literature

Heian Period

This declined in Japan from a failure of the equal field system where land was concentrated into the hands of a small group of the wealthy

Daimyo

They were regional warlords in Japan that controlled the land and economy.