Chapter 18 The West on the Eve of a New World Order

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs

GEOCENTRIC THEORY

Arrangment of the solar system that places the earth at the center with the sun and planets orbiting the earth

Who influenced idea of geocentric theory?

Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Christianity

Empyrean Heaven

in geocentric theory, location of God and all saved souls

HELIOCENTRIC THEORY

sun motionless at center of universe; planets revolved around sun and moon revolved around earth, earth goes around sun, daily rotation of earth by axis

Nicholaus Copernicus

(1473-1543) Polish clergyman/astronomer who theorized the Sun was the center of the univers; the planets went around it. Destroyed Aristotle's view of the universe. Father of heliocentric theory.

Johannes Kepler

German mathematician and astronomer; Improved upon Copernicus's theory by showing that the planetary orbits were ellipses (ovals) not circles; wrote mathematical laws describing the movement of the planets, destroyed work of Ptolemy

Galileo Galilei

(1564-1642) Italian astronomer. One of the founders of Europe's scientific revolution, one of his main contributions is the application of the telescope to astronomy. He was able to prove Copernicus' heliocentric model correct. Catholic church condemned his work; he was forced to recant

Isaac Newton

English scientist; author of Principia Mathematica; drew various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion and defined forces of gravity.

WORLD-MACHINE

Newton's conception of the universe as one huge, regulated, and uniform machine that operated according to natural laws in absolute time, space, and motion.

Where did the Scientific Revolution occur?

Europe

ENLIGHTENMENT

movement during the 1700's that spread the idea that knowledge, reason, and science could improve society. Use scientific method to understand life.

Major sources of inspiration for Enlightenment

Isaac Newton and John Locke

John Locke

English philosopher; every person born with tabula rasa (empty slate or blank mind), people molded by environment and sensory ideas, govt has right to protect people's rights

tabula rasa

John Locke's philosophy that man was born with a blank slate, and are molded by environment

PHILOSOPHES

intellectuals of the Enlightenment, literary people, applied rational criticism to everything, believed you had to change the world, not just talk about things

Where were most leaders of the Enlightenment from?

France

Who were the 3 French giants of the Enlightenment?

Charles de Secondat, Voltaire, Diderot

Charles de Secondat

French baron, came up with 3 types of govt: republic, monarchy, despotism and believed in separation of power with executive, legislative and judicial powers. Wrote: The Spirit of the Laws; influenced writers of U.S. Constitution

Who was the greatest figure of the Enlightenment?

Voltaire

Voltaire

French- greatest figure of Enlightenment, studied law, playwright, criticized traditional religion, wanted religious tolerance, championed deism

What was a famous line of Voltaire?

"Crush the infamous thing" (infamous thing was religious fanaticism, intolerance, and superstition

DEISM

Voltaire championed this theory, idea built on Newtonian world machine: God as clockmaker who built it, set it in motion and allowed it to run according to natural law

Diderot

French writer, Condemned Christianity as fanatical and unreasonable. Wrote: Encyclopedia,28 volume work

Adam Smith

Founder of economics, Believed in laissez-faire (French for "leave it alone") government should not interfere with economics.

What did Adam Smith think the 3 functions of govt are?

Protect society from invasion (army), defend citizens from injustice (police), keeup up public works like roads and canals

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Wrote 2 works: Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind and The Social Contract, where society agreed to be governed by general will

Mary Wollenstonecraft

English writer: founder of modern European feminism, said women should not obey man, entitled to same rights as men

Rococo

popular style of decoration and architecture, popular in 1730s, emphasized grace, charm, gentle action, fondness for curves, used natural objects like seashells and flowers

High culture

literary and artistic culture of educated and wealthy ruling classes

popular culture

written and unwritten culture of masses, most passed down orally

festival

groupd activity to cover variety of celebrations, communities in Catholic Europe celebrated saint feast days

Carnival

ultimate festival celebrated in Spain, Italy, France began after Christmas and lasted until Lent, time of great indulgence of food, drink, sex

What caused Europe's population growth around 1750?

falling death rate because of disappeance of bubonic plague, more plentiful food, better transportation of food supplies

COTTAGE INDUSTRY

system in which manufacturers provided the materials for goods to be produced at home

PATRICIAN

a member of the ruling class; a person of high or noble rank or of prominent social standing; belonging to, befitting, or characteristic of such a person

RENTIERS

wealthy individuals who live off their investments and do not have to work

MESTIZOS

offspring between Europeans and native American Indians

MULATTOES

offspring of African slaves and whites, joined with mestizos and descendants fo whites, Africans, and native Indians to produce unique multicultural society in Latin America

What did colonies in Latin America produce?

gold and silver. Spaniards found gold in Caribbean and New Granada (Columbia). Sent it back to Europe so it didn't help society whose labor produced it

PEONS

native peasants permanently dependent on landowners

VICEROYS

Royal governors sent by Spain to rule in the King's name. ruled in New World

English Parliament

had pwoer to make laws, levy taxes, pass budgets, influence monarch

United Kingdom of Great Britain

formed in 1707 when govt of England and Scotland united

British

term that means both England and Scotland

William Pitt the Elder

Prime Minister for England that acquired Canada and India in Seven Years' War.

Who was world's greatest colonial power after the Seven Years' War?

Great Britain

Stamp Act of 1765

Attempt by Great Britain to levy new taxes on colonists to pay for the British army's expenses in defending colonists

1776

colonists declared independence from Great Britain

July 4, 1776

Second Continental Congress approved Declaration of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson

Declaration of Independence

influenced by Enlightenment ideas of natural rights of "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness", declared freedom from British crown

Why did foreigh countries support America in Revolutionary War?

to get revege for earlier defeats at the hands of the British

General Cornwallis

British general who fought the Patriots in the south; surrounded at Yorktown and surrendered to George Washington

Treaty of Paris

recognized independence of American colonies
signed 1783

Articles of Confederation

This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the Revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage.

U.S. Constitution

3 branches of govt. checks and balances of power, President, Legislative, Judicial

Bill of Rights

1st 10 Amendments to Constitution

NATURAL RIGHTS

philosophy of 18th century philosophes and American colonists. American Revolution seen as embodiment of Enlightenment's political dreams

What were the Natural Rights?

equality before the law, freedom of religious worship, freedom of speech and press, right to assemble, hold property, and pursue happiness

ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM

rulers who followed advice of philosophes and ruled by enlightened principles

Frederick II, Frederick the Great

Prussian ruler, believed king was "first servant of the state", best-educated and most cultured monarch

Joseph II

Austrian ruler, believed only in reason and logic., unsuccessful, alienated church and nobility

Catherine II the Great

Russian ruler, met with Diderot, favored landed nobility, expanded territory, gained 50% of Polish territory

Another name for Seven Years' War

in America, called French and Indian War

Who won the Seven Years' War?

Great Britain, French forced to make peace, lost much area in North America

French Revolutuion

1789. French govt financially unstable, popular uprising due to resentment of French landholding system, fall of the Bastille, king capitulated to demands

taille

France's chief tax

Social Structure of France before Revolution

clergy, then nobility, then commoners (75 to 80% of population)

bourgeoisie

middle class

OLD ORDER

France's social and political structure that places the king at the top and three estates below him, The political and social system in place in France before the Revolution.

OLD REGIME

A combination of the absolute monarchy and feudalism in France; it included the three estates

Who was King of France during French Revolution?

Louis XVI

Bastille

royal armory, mob dismantled it in beginning French revolution

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789

Radical Revolution

-monarcy is abolished; french military suffers losses to Coalition army
-Louis XVI accused of treason and executed

Maximilien Robespierre

Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror.

NATIONALISM

entire nation now involved in wars

Reign of Terror

the period, from mid-1793 to mid-1794, when Robespierre ruled France nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed

What happened to slavery in France?

abolished in Sept. 1791

Saint-Dominique

Became Haiti where slave rebellion and invasions took place. Only successful slave rebellion in history. 1791, 100,000 slaves revolted and gained control of sugar cane plantation

What happened to Robespierre?

guillotined on July 28, 1794

How did Napoleon come to power?

popular military general Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in 1799 coup d'etat

Napoleon Bonaparte

. Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. (p. 591)

Consulate

Government established in France after the overthrow of the Directory in 1799, with Napoleon as first consul in control of the entire government.

Emperor Napoleon I

Napoleon returned France to monarchy in 1804

What did Napoleon do about Catholicism?

made peace with oldest enemy of French Revolution, the Catholic church. recognized Catholicism as religion of majority of France

Civil Code

The French legal code fromulated by Napoleon I (r. 1804-1814) in 1804. Also called the Napoleonic Code, it reaffirmed many of the social liberties that had been introduced during the Revolution (1789-99) while at the same time reestablishing a patriarchal system. Property rights, religious liberty, and equal treatment under the law to all classes of men were assured. However, it curtailed many of the rights of women, restricting them to the private sphere of the home and giving males greater authority over them.

Grand Empire

Added dependent states to the French Empire(above). Included the Swiss Federation(a republic); Illyrian Provinces (Trieste and Dalmatia); Grand Duchy of Warsaw; Confederation of Rhine (Westphalia, Saxony, Bavaria, and Wurtemburg and others).

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

What began the Fall of Napoleon?

his invasion of Russia. The Russians refused to remain in continental System and Napoleon invaded

Elba

island off coast of Italy where Napoleon was exiled

Bourbon Monarchy

was restored in person of King Louis XVIII, brother of executed king

Did Napoleon briefly regain power? How?

He marched into Paris and briefly regained power. He attacked at Waterloo and lost

Waterloo

The site of Napoleon's defeat by British and Prussian armies in 1815, which ended his last bid for power.

Saint Helena

Napoleon's second and final place of exile