O2 HW

Mean pulmonary artery pressure normally exceeds 20 mmHg.

false

The atrial rate in atrial flutter typically ranges from 250 to 350 bpm.

true

Right heart failure typically decreases CVP and RAP.

false

Heart rate, blood pressure, and perfusion state can be assessed noninvasively.

true

The T wave reflects ventricular repolarization.

True

Increased PVR can elevate right atrial pressure and CVP.

True

Elevated PCWP often suggests left-sided heart failure or pulmonary edema.

True

An arterial line provides continuous blood pressure monitoring and simplifies arterial blood sampling.

True

Sinus tachycardia is always abnormal and requires immediate treatment.

false

Poor capillary refill (>2 seconds) suggests inadequate perfusion.

True

Asystole is another term for complete cardiac standstill.

True

Athletes often show sinus bradycardia due to increased stroke volume.

True

PCWP values of 4-12 mmHg indicate normal left atrial pressures.

True

Tachycardia can result from hypoxemia stimulating the carotid bodies.

True

A heart rate between 60 and 100 bpm is considered normal for adults.

True

The most common causes of cardiac arrest are VF, asystole, and pulseless electrical activity.

True

Diaphoretic, cool, clammy skin may suggest poor peripheral perfusion.

True

Severe anemia typically lowers cardiac output.

True

The P wave represents atrial depolarization

True

PVCs are often preceded by a P wave.

False

The pulmonary artery catheter measures right atrial pressure and pulmonary artery pressure directly.

True

Normal CVP ranges from 0 to 8 mmHg.

True

The QRS complex represents atrial repolarization.

False

Atrial fibrillation causes organized, effective atrial contractions.

False

The pulmonary artery catheter continuously monitors pulmonary artery pressure.

True

A heart rate above 150-175 bpm improves cardiac output.

False

Hypervolemia is associated with increased CVP and pulmonary pressures.

True

Cardiac ultrasound is a form of invasive cardiovascular monitoring.

False

PVCs with wide, bizarre QRS complexes can be caused by myocardial disease or electrolyte imbalances.

True

Pulmonary vascular resistance increases with chronic hypoxemia.

True

Sinus arrhythmia is common and normal in children and young adults.

True

Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) indirectly measures left atrial pressure.

True

Ventricular fibrillation requires immediate defibrillation to restore circulation.

True

ARDS is commonly associated with increased PVR.

True

Sinus bradycardia is defined as a heart rate greater than 100 bpm.

False

Capillary refill test assesses skin hydration status only.

False

Defibrillation is recommended for asystole.

False

Central venous pressure (CVP) reflects right ventricular filling pressures.

True

Disorientation may indicate cerebral hypoxia.

True

Positive pressure ventilation can elevate central venous pressure readings.

True

Atrial fibrillation can decrease cardiac output by approximately 20%.

True

Atrial flutter is characterized by a sawtooth wave pattern on ECG.

True

In sinus arrhythmia, the heart rate varies by less than 5%.

False

Atrial fibrillation is frequently seen in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

True

Ventricular tachycardia is a life-threatening arrhythmia.

True

Hypoxemia can cause sinus tachycardia.

True

Respiratory diseases like COPD can cause increased PVR and pulmonary hypertension.

True

In hypovolemia, CVP and cardiac output increase.

False

Insertion of a Swan-Ganz catheter carries minimal risk.

False

Ventricular fibrillation results in no effective cardiac output.

True

Atrial fibrillation can decrease cardiac output by approximately 20%.

True