CH 2 Cell Injury, Adaptations & Maladaptive Changes

free radicals

chemical species with 1 unpaired electron in outer orbital. They steal electrons from a cell causing cellular injury

• physiologic causes: generated metabolic processes (oxidative phosphorylation ATP, enzyme activity)

• pathologic causes: ionizing radiation, inflammation, metal interactions (excess Fe or Cu), drugs/chemicals (Tylenol), & reperfusion

antioxidants

vitamins A, C, and E they eliminate free radicals by donating electrons (a defense mechanism against free radicals)

metal carrier proteins

proteins that bind to metals and carry them to prevent free radical production (EX: transferrin to iron, ceruloplasmin to copper). A defense mechanism against free radicals

enzymes

• a defense mechanism that eliminates various free radical species

• (Ex: superoxide dismutase=>superoxide, catalase=>hydrogen peroxide, glutathione peroxidase=> hydroxyl radical)

necrosis and apoptosis

what are the two ways that cells dies?

necrosis

cell death by injury/disease

• involves external triggers such as infection or temperature

• involves internal triggers such as ischemia

• there are 7 types

coagulative necrosis