plant science exam 1

define agriculture

the science, art, and practice of cultivating plants, animals, or soil for the purposes of preparing and marketing products, as well as education

define agronomy

branch of agriculture that deals with the principles and practices of crop production and field management (row crops, corn, and wheat)

define horticulture

branch of agriculture that is the art and science of cultivating vegetables, fruits, and ornamentals/flowers

life before agriculture

people had to hunt and gather, everyone was active, not much abundance, and a lot of risk

how has times changed

abundance of products and time

early or ancient civilizations

Aztecs and Mayans

define evolution

occurs naturally over a long time

define revolution

happens fast and fundamental change

what is the fertile cresent

earliest site of agriculture

who is Theophrastus

A Greek scholar that worked with botany (plants), the father of botany, and wrote the first books about plants

what are the 4 main crops used for global production

wheat, rice, maize (corn), and sugarcane

what percent globally does the 4 main crops make up

50%

what should we know about farms

the # of farms are decreasing but the land in the existing farms are increasing

what is the census in agriculture

it is conducted every 5 years to collect data about agricultural activities

old crop production

greenhouses

define a farm

location from which $1000 or more in ag products were raised and sold, or normally would have been sold, during the census year

ways to classify crops

crop terminology, crop use,

what is crop temrinology

scientific name that is usually 2 parts that has the genus/species

examples of oil crops

peanuts and canola

examples of fiber crops

fiber and textiles

define cultivar

cultivated variety, subspecies developed through human intervention ex) Roma tomatoes and cherry tomatoes

variety

naturally occurring subspecies

hybrid

cross between two species (X indicates) ex) mule: horse and donkey

define taxonomy

scientific classification and organization of living organisms into hierarchal categories

who is Carolus Linnaeus

the father of taxonomy, came up with system to categorize plants and animals, came up with the scientific naming system

how to write a scientific name

binomial name (Genus species)

life span for plants

seed to seed

annual plant

completes a life cycle in one growing season ex) corn

biennial plant

completes a life cycle in 2 growing seasons ex) carrot

perennial plant

continues to live for an indefinite number of years ex) trees

when is a plant sexually mature

when it produces a flower

climate adaptation classification

tropical or desert plants

threats to agriculture

climate change and water scarcity

properties of living organisms

growth and reproduction, ability to respond, ability to evolve and adapt, metabolism, organized structure, organic composition

what are the molecules of life (major molecules in organisms)

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

origin of living organisms

“Spontaneous generation”

what is spontaneous generation

when organisms appear out of thin air (originate directly from non living matter)

example of spontaneous generation

mice/cheese

define cell

basic physiological unit of plants and animals

cell theory

all organisms are composed of cells, cells arise from preexisting cells, establishes cells as the basic unit of life

plant cell characteritstics

dynamic, can manufacture their own food, have a cell wall, are eukaryotes

what characteristics are unique to plants

they have a cell wall and can manufacture their own food

cell wall

outermost layer of a plant cell, excluding the cell membrane, provides support

protoplast

all of a plant cell excluding the cell wall

what layers does the cell wall consist of

cellulose and lignin

cytoplasm

everything in cell, excluding the nucleus

what does the cytoplasm consist of

cytosol, organelles, microtubules, and microfilaments surrounding a cell nucleus

cytosol

the fluid portion of the cytoplasm

organelles

a body within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

plasodesma

cytoplasmic strand that connects adjacent plant cells through pores in the cell wall

plasma membrane

flexible, protective layer surrounding cells

plasma membrane

selectively permeable, controls movement of water, gas, etc. in and out of cell

nucleus

membrane bound of organelle within eukaryotic cells, essential for regulation of all cellular functions

chloroplast

organelles that contain chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place

vacuole

membrane enclosed sac that takes up most of the volume of a mature plant cell

contains cell sap consisting of water, salt, sugars, proteins, and pigments

vacuole

absorbs water to create turgor pressure needed for physical support in plants

vacuole

mitochondrion

organelle that is the site of cellular respiration