Freaking GeNeTiCs unit 2 Mitosis part 1

BOOOO GENETICS

Telomere

What is A?

Kinetochore

What is B?

Centromere

What is C?

Sister chromatids

What are D?

P arm

The shorter arm on a chromatid

Q arm

The longer arm on a chromatid

Metacentric

When the centromere is located in the middle of the chromosome

Submetacentric

When the centromere is located slightly off center on the chromosome

Acrocentric

When the centromere is close to the end of the chromosome

Telocentric

When the centromere is at the end of the chromosome

Monad

Chromatid state: one chromatid; (not typically visible, before replication)

Dyad

Chromatid state: two chromatids (after replication)

Sister chromatids are identical and homologs are different, one from each parent

What is the difference between sister chromatids and Homologs(or homologous chromosomes)

tetrad 

When homologous chromosomes in the dyad state pair they create a ____ (4 chromatids intertwined)

Bivalent

Another name for tetrad

chromatin

DNA and histone proteins in the nucleus which condense to form
chromosomes

Kayrotype

number and appearance
of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

G1 S G2 M

List the Phases of the cell cycle

rapid growth of the cell 

What occurs in G1 of the cell cycle?

Genome replication, sister chromatids are formed 

What occurs in S phase of the cell cycle?

Prep for Mitosis, organelles and mitochondria duplicated, Microtubules formed

What occurs in G2 of the cell cycle?

Mitosis

What occurs in M phase of the cell cycle?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

List the 4 phases of mitosis

Mitosis

Mitosis or meiosis: equational division

Chromosomes condense and become visible, Spindle fibers form spindle Apparatus, Organelles migrate to opposite ends of the cell, nuclear envelope breaks down, nucleolus disappears

What occurs during prophase?

Chromosomes/pairs of sister chromatids align in the middle of the cell on the equatorial plate

What occurs during Metaphase?

Sister Chromatids are pulled apart by microtubules 

What occurs during Anaphase?

Spindle apparatus is disassembled, nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes uncoil and begin expression 

What occurs during Telophase?

cytokinesis 

cytoplasm division after nuclear division 

Have

Spindle fibers in animal cells have/do not have centrioles

Do not have

Spindle fibers in plant cells have/do not have centrioles

pinching with cleavage furrow

Animal cytokinesis:

Cell wall and cell plate form

Plant cytokinesis

Meiosis

Mitosis or meiosis: reductional division

The separation of homologues 

Meiosis 1 can be generalized as 

The separation of sister chromatids

Meiosis 2 can be generalized as

homologs pair and exchange info

What occurs in prophase1?

Leptonema, Zygonema, Pachynema, Diplonema, Diakinesis 

List the stages of prophase 1

Duplicated chromosomes (a pair of homologous chromosomes in the dyad state) condense and become visible 

What occurs during Leptonema?

Homologs pair and form a tetrad/bivalent

What occurs during Zygonema?

Crossing over occurs between homologs and synaptonemal complex is formed 

What occurs during Pachynema?

Chiasmata

What is the site of cross over in pachynema?

Homologs unpair and pull away from each other 

What occurs during Diplonema?

Diplonema 

Which stage of prophase 1 do humans eggs rest at until ovulation?

Homologs thicken and move towards the center, preparing for metaphase 1 

What occurs during Diakinesis?

paired homologs align in middle of the cell

What occurs during Metaphase 1?

paired homologs separate & are pulled toward opposite ends of the cell

What occurs during Anaphase 1?

homologs made form two sister chromatids arrive at poles

What occurs during Telephase1?

chromosomes condense

What occurs during Prophase II?

haploid number of chromosomes in dyad state align in middle

What occurs during Metaphase II?

Chromatids separate, change to monad state, 1N

What occurs during Anaphase II?

4 haploid cells with chromosomes in the monad state

What are the Products of Meiosis?

Reduction of ploidy, the paternal and maternal chromosomes are randomly assorted in metaphase, crossing over ensures diversity among the products 

List the three most important aspects about meiosis 

Non-disjunction 

What is the failure of homologs or sister chromatids to separate properly in Meiosis 1 or 2?

Trisomy in chromosome 21

What causes down sydrome?

Trisomy in chromosome 13

What causes Patau syndrome

Trisomy in chromosome 18

What causes Edward syndrome

Down syndrome, Patau syndrome, and Edwards syndrome 

What are three syndromes caused by trisomy

What causes Klinefelter Syndrome

Lacking and X chromosome in Females

What causes Turner Syndrome

extra X chromosome in females

What causes Triple X syndrome

extra Y chromosome in males

What causes XYY syndrome

Nullisomy 

What is it called when you are missing a pair of homologs (form of nondisjunction)

Monosomy

What is it called when you are missing one chromosome (form of nondisjunction)

Trisomy

What is it called when you have an extra chromosome (form of nondisjunction)

Mitosis

Mitosis or Mitosis: Occurs in somatic cells

Meiosis

Mitosis or Mitosis:occurs only in specialized cells of the germ line

Meiosis

Mitosis or Mitosis: both reductional and equational divisions –
homologous pairs and sister chromatids are
separated

diplonema

What is this?