Unit 3 Biology

Muscle

Organ of the muscular system

Muscle fiber

"muscle cell

Sarcomere

"Basic functional unit of muscle contraction

Origin

"Point of attachment between muscle and bone that does not move during contraction

Insertion

"Point of attachment between muscle and bone that moves during contraction

Antagonistic pair

pair of muscles that do opposite jobs but need to work together to create movement

Flexor

muscle that reduces angle between bones when contracted

Extensor

Muscle that increase angle between bone when contracted

Anterior deltoid

flexor of shoulder

Pectoralis major

flexor of shoulder

Latissimus dorsi

extensor of shoulder

Biceps femoris

"flexor of knee

Semiteninosus

flexor of knee

Gastrocnemius

flexor of knee and ankle

Rectus femoris

extensor of knee and hip

Vastus medialis

extensor of knee

Biceps brachii

flexor of upper arm

Brachialis

flexor of upper arm

Triceps brachii

extensor of upper arm

Achilles tendon

flexor and extensor of ankle/foot

Tensor fasciae latae

flexor of hip

Gluteus maximus

extensor of hip

Semitendinosus

extensor of hip

Sternocleidomastoid

flexor of neck

Trapezius

extensor of neck

Clavotrapezius

extensor of neck

Cervical trapezius

extensor of neck

Thoracic Trapezius

extensor of neck

Masseter

Flexor of jaw

Sliding filament theory

"process of muscle contraction

Myosin

Thick filaments in sarcomere

Actin

thin filaments in sarcomere

Acetylcholine

neurotransmitter that causes muscle contraction

Power stroke

"When a muscle receives a signal to contract

Filament sliding

"the thin filaments slide past the thick filaments

Shortening

"As myosin and actin slide

Relaxation

"When the nerve signal stops

Motor unit

muscle fiber + motor neuron

Calcium

"ion used to change the shape of actin

Synapse

gap between the muscle fibers and neuron

Sarcolemma

membrane of sarcomere

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

where calcium ions are released from

Cross bridge

structure that is formed by myosin attaching to actin

ATP

"unit of energy

Metabolic waste

byproducts of an organism's metabolism that need to be excreted

Atrium

superior chambers of the heart

Ventricle

inferior chambers of heart

Vein

blood vessel that carries blood to the heart

Superior vena cava

carries deoxygenated blood to heart from the upper body

Inferior vena cava

carries deoxygenated blood to the heart from the lower body

Pulmonary vein

carries oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs

Artery

blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

Aorta

carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the entire body

Pulmonary artery

carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

Carotid artery

"carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the head

Coronary artery

supplies oxygenated blood to the muscle cells of the heart

Capillary

blood vessel where the exchange of gasses and nutrients happens with tissues

Valve

a “gate” like structure that allows blood to flow in one direction during systole

Tricuspid valve

“gate” that lets blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle

Mitral valve

“gate” that lets blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

Pulmonary valve

“gate” that lets blood flow into the pulmonary arteries

Aortic valve

“gate” that lets blood enter the aorta

Blood

transports vital gasses and nutrients to tissues

Plasma

"55% of blood

Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)

"40-45% of blood

Hemoglobin

protein that transports oxygen

White blood cells (Leukocytes)

"1% of blood

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

"1% of blood

Systole

"phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and blood moves forward through the cardiac pathway

Diastole

"Phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles relax and refill with blood

Heart rate

how fast your heart goes through the cardiac cycle

Respiratory tract

The pathway of organs from your nose to your lungs

Diaphragm

"sheet of muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Inspiration

air getting drawn into the lungs from the diaphragm

Expiration

air getting pushed out of the lungs by the diaphragm

Nasal cavity

"hollow area behind nostrils

Septum

separates the nasal cavity into two different parts

Cilia

"hair like structures that catch pathogens and bacteria

Pharynx

"throat

Epiglottis

"covers opening to trachea when eating/drinking

Trachea

"windpipe

Larynx

voicebox

Bronchi

two tubes extending from the trachea into the right and left lungs

Bronchioles

smaller branches coming off the bronchi that lead to deeper parts of the lungs

Alveoli

"air filled sacs at the end of bronchioles that are covered in blood vessels to exchange gases with the bloodstream

External respiration

process of exchanging gasses/air with bloodstream

Boyle’s Law

pressure and volume are inversely proportional

Cellular respiration

The process of turning glucose into ATP

Glycolysis

Glucose -> pyruvate (anaerobic)

Pyruvate oxidation

pyruvate -> Acetyl-CoA (aerobic)

Krebs Cycle

Acetyl-CoA -> electron carriers (aerobic)

Oxidative phosphorylation (ETC & Chemiosmosis)

Electrons -> ATP (aerobic)

ETC

Electron transport chain

Fermentation

what happens after glycolysis if oxygen is not present to continue cellular respiration

Aerobic

Requires oxygen

Anaerobic

does not require oxygen

Electron carrier (NADH FADH2)

H+ ions bond to transport electrons to ETC to power the production of ATP

ATP (Energy)

adenosine triphosphate

ADP

"Adenosine diphosphate

Notochord

"Flexible and supportive rod running along the back (develops into the spinal column in vertebrates)"