Companion Animal Science 2240 Unit 2

Dogs dissipate heat by:

Evaporative cooling (panting)

To lower body heat, dogs try two methods. What are they?

• Conduction: Contact with cold surfaces

• Convection: Transfer heat through the skin

What temp turns deadly for dogs?

Over 105 degrees

What is the main function of the Urogenital System

Filter waste materials from blood

What are the major components of the urogenital system

Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra, male and female reproductive structures

What two important waste products are there from the kidney

Urea and creatinine

What is urea?

A waste product from protein

What is creatinine

Waste product produced by muscles

What is the specific gravity of urine for dogs? Cats?

1.025 for dogs and 1.030 for cats.

What is the ideal pH for cats? For dogs?

6.3-6.6 for cats and 7.0-7.5 for dogs

What are the four types of digestions

Mechanical, chemical, enzymatic, fermentative

What is mechanical digestion

Chewing and peristalsis throughout the gut

What happens during chemical digestion?

Acid in the stomach, HCl, dissolves food and denatures protein

What happens in enzymatic digestion

Enzymes break down protein, fats, and carbohydrates

What happens in fermentative digestion

Microbes ferment fiber that mammalian enzymes cannot break down. This occurs in the large intestine. Dogs and cats do not have a lot of this.

Dogs and cats are non-ruminant. What does this mean?

They have one simple stomach, typically a short GI tract, small cecum. They are monogastric

What benefits do dogs and cats get from having a shorter GIT

Microbes pass quickly, microbes do not colonize as fast, have less capacity for fiber fermentation, very efficient at digesting protein and fat

This is where enzymatic digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs

Small intestine

Longest part of the digestive tract

small intestine

The pancreas releases…

Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate

This system carries nutrients and fresh O2 throughout the body and removes wastes from cells of the body

Circulatory

What are some of the major components of the circulatory system?

Heart, arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, capillaries, lymphatic system, and portal circulation

This organ is responsible for propulsion and movement of blood through the body

Heart

These carry blood away from the heart

Arteries

This is the site of gas exchange

Capillaries

These return blood to the heart

veins

This term is used for blood that passes through 2 capillar beds before returning to the heart

Portal circulation

What are two portal systems?

GI tract and liver

This is the subset of the circulatory system and immune system

Lymphatic system

What does the lymphatic system do?

It is a drainage system that removes excess fluid from body tissue and returns it to the blood stream

The lymphatic system goes in one direction and starts as capillaries

:)

Recovery fluid is called…

Lymph

These serve as filters that “clean” fluid in the lymphatic system

Lymph nodes

What is the path of travel for lymph?

Goes from lymphatic capillaries from larger lymphatic vessels and eventually drains into the blood stream

This is used to help diagnose any changes in hear size

Vertebral Heart Score (VHS)

How is the Vertebral Heart Score measured?

Using radiographs

What can cause an enlarged heart?

Many things like genetics or diet

What are the normal Vertebral Heart Score ranges for a dog and a cat

Dogs are 8.5-10.9 V

Cats are 6.8-8.1 V

This is when the left ventricle is enlarged

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)

How do dogs get Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)?

It is usually inherited or can be diet related. (Taurine deficiency can cause DCM)

What can Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) cause?

It can lead to congestive heart failure. Fluid in the heart backs up into the lungs.

This condition is caused when the heart cannot handle the amount of blood it should, so blood builds up in other parts of the body (fluid accumulation)

Congestive Heart Failure

What are symptoms of Congestive Heart Failure in dogs and cats?

They show difficulty breathing and a higher respiratory rate

T or F? Congestive heart failure is a short-term condition that does not require treatment

False

This is caused by the parasitic worm Dirofilaria immitis

Heartworms

How can heart worms be transmitted?

Through a mosquito bite

Where are heart worms located?

Host heart, lungs, and surrounding blood vessels

What are symptoms of heart worms?

Cough, lethargy, decreased appetite, vommitting

What animals is heart worms common in?

Dogs, cats, and ferrets

Are heart worms preventable?

100%. Sick animals can take medicaitons

This is cancer of the white blood cells

Lymphoma

T or F? Lymphoma is the least common cancer in dogs and cats

False. It is the most common

15-20% of cancer in dogs

33% in cats

How can lymphoma be treated?

Chemotherapy because it affects more than one area of the body. It is very deadly without treatment.

Cancer of the endothelial cells that line blood vessels - very aggressive

Hemangiosarcoma

Hemangiosarcoma is mostly found in…

Canines (5-7% of tumors seen in dogs)

Hemangiosarcoma typically affects… (what 2 organs)

Spleen and heart

Describe a hemangiosarcoma

These are highly vascularized tumors that are filled with blood and rupture easily causing internal bleeding

Most common skin cancer in dogs

Mast cell tumors

How do mast cell tumors begin?

This is a skin tumor that starts with immune system mast cells.

What is a mast cell?

A white blood cell that plays a role in allergy response

Where is a mast cell tumor? How is it treated?

It can be on the skin or subcutaneous but will ultimately metastasize to other organs including spleen, liver, intestine, and bone marrow. It is treated by surgery or radiation.

This is the voice box. It is also the opening of the trachea. It is made up of a series of cartilage plates that protect the lower respiratory tract from aspirating food into the trachea.

Larynx

This transports air into the lungs. It contains cartilaginous rings to keep the airway from collapsing.

Trachea

What is dyspnea?

Labored breathing

Long term airway inflammation

COPD/Chronic bronchitis

What are the symptoms of COPD? Cause? Treatment?

COPD is a cough that is present most days for a minimum of 2 months. It can be caused by long term exposure to smoke, air pollution, allergens, etc. Treatments are for quality of life- can’t be cured.

This occurs when the cartilage rings weaken.

Tracheal collapse

What breed is tracheal collapse most common in?

Toy breeds

T or F? There is no cure for tracheal collapse, only medical management.

True

Site of water and electrolyte absorption, formation and storage of feces, and some microbial fermentation.

Large intestine

This is chronic inflammation of the GI tract caused by abnormal “local” immune response. It causes chronic vomiting and diarrhea. The exact cause is not well known.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

ALT stands for…

Alanine aminotransferase

Hypothyroidism is…

Decreased production of thyroid hormones.

Hyperthyroidism is…

Increased production of thyroid hormones

What are the steroid hormones

Cortisol, aldosterone, adrenaline, and noradrenaline

Portal circulation occurs between the capillaries of what two organs/organ systems in the body?

GI tract and liver

Explain what the vertebral heart score (VHS) is used for and how it is determined

The VHS is used to detect changes in heart size. To determine it, lie the animal laterally on its side, then take a radiograph of the heart. Next you need to use a caliber to measure to short and long axis of the heart. Finally, you lay the measurements along the vertebrate to measure the length. Then you add the length of each together.

Which nutrient deficiency can cause dilated cardiomyopathy? (DCM)

Taurine

What is the most common skin cancer in dogs that starts with the immune system?

Mast cell tumors

Why are male cats more prone to stone development? How can these stones be resolved?

They have a narrower urethra. Stones can be resolved by surgery or ultrasound.

T or F? Dogs and cats do not have amylase in their saliva, but it is in their intestine.

True

Increased ALT, AST, and ALP in a blood sample may indicate ______ disease

liver

Increased creatinine and urea in a blood sample may indicate ____ disease

kidney

Where does protein digestion start in a dog or cat?

Stomach

Cushing’s disease is characterized by…

too much cortisol (stress hormone)

This disease is caused by low production of insulin

Diabetes

This disease is caused by too much thyroid hormone

Hyperthyroidism

Type 2 diabetes (insulin insensitivity) is more common in? (dogs or cats)

Cats

Explain how to perform CPR on the three different chest types of dogs

Flat chest: Should be on their back with compressions on the sternum

Round chest: Should be on the side with compressions on the highest part of the chest

Keel chested: On their side with compressions over the heart

What will happen if you pull the plunger of the syringe back too hard/fast while drawing blood from a cephalic vein?

The vein will collapse

(T or F) If a large volume of blood is required, blood will be drawn from the cephalic vein. (front leg)

False, it will be from the jugular.

Cats should never receive subcutaneous vaccine injections in which location? Why?

The scruff. This causes sarcomas (tumors)

Toxoplasmosis

Brain of the endocrine system

Hypothalamus

This produces hormones regulating growth, metabolism, reproduction, lactation, and water balance

Anterior pituitary gland

This produces digestive enzymes (exocrine) and insulin and glucagon (endocrine)

Pancreas

This type of diabetes is an underproduction of insulin

Type 1 (dogs)

This produces hormones responsible for maintain a healthy metabolism

Thyroid

A toxic or foreign body that triggers an immune response

Antigen

This is produced in response to a specific antigen or foreign body

antibody