FLASH CARDS -> d and f block

d-block elements

Groups from 3-12 characterized by filling of d-orbitals.

Transition metals

Elements whose d-orbitals are filled progressively and typically have incomplete d-orbitals in their oxidation states.

Electronic configuration of d-block elements

Generally represented as ns1-2(n-1)d1-10.

Pseudo Transition Elements

Zn, Cd, and Hg, which have a full d10 configuration and are not regarded as transition elements.

Oxidation states in d-block elements

Transition metals display a variety of oxidation states due to incomplete filling of d-orbitals.

Lanthanoid contraction

Regular decrease in atomic radii due to filling of 4f orbitals before 5d.

Ionization enthalpy (IE)

Energy required to remove an electron from an atom, which increases with increasing nuclear charge.

Formation of coloured ions

Most transition metal ions are coloured due to d-d transitions of electrons in d-orbitals.

Dia magnetism

Weak repulsion by a magnetic field due to paired electrons.

Para magnetism

Weak attraction by a magnetic field due to the presence of unpaired electrons.

Ferro magnetism

Strong attraction to a magnetic field, an extreme form of paramagnetism.

Formation of complex compounds

Capacity of transition metals to form complexes due to their high charge and availability of d-orbitals.

Alloy formation

Transition metals easily form alloys due to their smaller atomic radii.

Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)

A strong oxidizing agent obtained from chromite ore, used in various chemical applications.

Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)

A dark purple crystal that acts as a strong oxidizing agent, used in analytical and organic chemistry.

Lanthanoids

14 elements from Cerium to Lutetium with the general electronic configuration (n-2)f1-14(n-1)d0-1ns2.

Actinoids

14 elements from Thorium to Lawrencium, typically radioactive with complex magnetic properties.