plant tax lab practical 2

Calyx

the lowest whorl of the flower, made up of sepals

Corolla

all of the petals

If the petals and sepals look the same, they’re called ______

tepals

Androecium

All of the male parts, or stamens

Gynoecium

All of the female parts, or pistil/carpel(s)

Perianth

Corolla + Calyx

Perfect flower

has both male (anthers) and female (pistils/carpels) parts

Plants with perfect flowers are always ______________

monoecious

Imperfect flower

has male or female parts, not both

Monoecious plants can have either…

perfect flowers OR both types of imperfect flowers on one plant

____________ plants only have imperfect flowers, with different plants holding different types of imperfect flowers; they cannot have perfect flowers

Dioecious

Hypogynous

Ovary superior: the corolla, calyx, and androecium originate below the gynoecium

Perigynous

Ovary half-inferior: the corolla, calyx, and androecium are attached to a hypanthium surrounding, not the ovary

Epigynous

Ovary inferior: the corolla, calyx, and androecium are attached to the top of the ovary

Hypanthium

a cup/strap of tissue where the corolla, calyx, and androecium are attached to

usually surrounds or encloses the ovary

hypogynous

perigynous

epigynous

Adnate fusion

fusion of different types of flower parts

Connate fusion

fusion of the same flower parts

Sympetalous

petals are fused together

Polypetalous

petals completely separate from each other

Monocarpous

One carpel on its own

Apocarpous

Multiple unfused carpels

Syncarpous

Multiple fused carpels

Apostemonous stamens

Unfused

Didynamous, tetradynamous, and didymous stamens are…

Apostemonous (unfused)

Epipetalous stamen

stamen fused to petal

Diadelphous stamen

9 stamens with fused filaments + 1 stamen basally fused

Monadelphous stamen

all stamens with filaments fused

Syngenesious stamen

Multiple stamens with anthers connate

Actinomorphic symmetry

multiple lines of symmetry

Zygomorphic symmetry

one line of symmetry

A

petals (all petals = corolla)

B

Anther (covered with pollen)

C

Filament

D

sepals (all sepals = calyx)

E

stigma

F

style

G

ovary

H

ovule

I

egg

J

pistil (carpel)

parts of an inflorescence

Flower, pedicel, bract, peduncle

A

flower

B

pedicel (flower’s stalk)

C

bract

D

peduncle (main supporting stalk)

Determinate inflorescence

the first flower to bloom is at the top

Determinate inflorescences are called ______

cymes

Indeterminate inflorescence

the first flower to bloom is at the bottom

Raceme inflorescence

flowers are attached to the rachis by pedicles

Spike inflorescence

flowers are attached directly to the rachis

Catkin inflorescence

a spike inflorescence with imperfect flowers of a single sex

Spadix inflorescence

a spike in which the rachis is swollen and fleshy

Umbel inflorescence

flower pedicles are all attached at the same point on the peduncle or rachis

Capitulum inflorescence

disk and ray florets are arranged on a head to mimic a large flower

Disk florets

radially symmetrical florets in the middle of a capitulum

Ray florets

bilaterally symmetrical florets on the edge of a capitulum

mimic petals (often very showy)

A

Seed (pip)

B

Exocarp

C

Mesocarp

D

Endocarp

E

Pericarp

F

vascular bundles

G

skin (epidermis)

Simple fruit

derived from one flower with a single or syncarpous pistil

Aggregate fruit

derived from one flower with multiple pistils

Multiple fruit

derived from multiple flowers on a single axis

Accessory fruit

derived from a flower part other than the pistil

Fleshy fruit

pericarp soft and juicy when ripe

Dry fruit

pericarp hard or papery when ripe

Dehiscent dry fruit

splits open when ripe

Indehiscent dry fruit

does not split open when ripe

Simple, fleshy fruits

berry, drupe, pepo, hesperidium

Simple, dry, indehiscent fruits

Achene, grain/caryopsis, utricle, samara, nut

Simple, dry, dehiscent fruits

follicle, silique, silicle, schizocarp, capsules

Berry

exocarp and fleshy endocarp

Drupe

stony, hardened endocarp (“pit”) that surrounds/protects seed, surrounded by a fleshy mesocarp

Pepo

fleshy mesocarp and leathery exocarp

Hesperidium

juice sacs divided by septa with a leathery outer pericarp

Pome

Achene

hardened pericarp surrounding an unattached seed

Grain/caryopsis

seed fused to pericarp

Utricle

pericarp is inflated at maturity, resulting in a large locule

Samara

winged fruit containing a seed

Nut

hardened, thick pericarp surrounding an unattached seed

Follicle

one line of dehiscence

Legume

2 lines of dehiscence

Silique

2 lines of dehiscence, leaves behind a replum, longer than wide

Silicle

2 lines of dehiscence, leaves behind a replum, wider than long

Schizocarp of follicles

Capsules

develop from flowers with syncarpous pistils

Loculicidal capsule

splits in the middle of the locule, or cavity

Poricidal capsule

small openings on the top or side

Septicidal capsule

splits along a septum

placentation

arrangement of ovule in the ovary

Axile placentation

ovules attached to the central axis of a ovary with 2 or more locules

Basal placentation

Ovule positioned at the base of a single-loculed ovary

Free-central placentation

ovules attached to a free-standing column in the center of a single-locule ovary