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This is a flashcard set created to help ARGS students study for the first two sections of the Chapter 24 test. Be warned, the questions on the test are not identical to the flashcards.
Laissez-faire = ?
A policy allowing businesses to operate without government interference.
Adam Smith did what?
Set down the workings of a laissez-faire economy in his book The Wealth of Nations.
How does a laissez-faire economy operate? (According to Smith)
The natural forces of the marketplace will cause a balance to form; supply will meet demand and prices will be fair.
Thomas Malthus did what?
Wrote that poverty, famine, and misery were unavoidable because the population was increasing faster than the food supply.
David Ricardo did what?
In his "iron law of wages," he said that the rapid growth of the population would lead to fierce competition for jobs, lower wages, and higher unemployment rates.
Both Malthus and Ricardo were laissez-faire supporters who ___________ government aid to the poor.
^opposed
Evangelicalism = ?
A movement that joined personal faith with social improvement.
The result of religious awakenings in Protestant churches.
The Evangelical William Wilberforce did what?
Encouraged Parliament to pass a bill that ended the British slave trade.
The Evangelical Lord Shaftesbury did what?
Promoted laws to limit the working hours for women and children.
Jeremy Bentham did what?
Promoted Utilitarianism.
Utilitarianism = ?
The idea that society should work for the the greatest happiness for the greatest number of citizens.
John Stuart Mill did what?
Urged the government to distribute national wealth more justly by taxing income.
Stated that freedom of thought/discussion, the right to vote, and equal rights belonged to everyone [including women and minorities].
Socialism = ?
The belief that the means of productions—capital, land, raw materials, and factories—should be owned and controlled by society either directly or through the government.
In Socialism, ________ could be distributed equally among all citizens.
^wealth
Robert Owen did what?
Established the ideal working community in which everyone shared the benefits of the industrial age equally.
According to Owen, ___________ is what caused society's problems and by using ___________ to replace it, life would improve.
^competition ^cooperation
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels did what?
Wrote The Communist Manifesto.
Marx viewed economic history as the evolution of _____________, which was damaging to the common good of humanity.
^exploitation
Communism = ?
A class war that would result in a society without class distinctions and private property. There was a hope that a golden age in which the government is nonexistent would occur.
Proletariat = ?
The working class, by far the most productive class of them all.
Bourgeoisie = ?
The middle class which was often viewed as greedy.
Give an example of a socialist party on the national scale.
The People's Republic of China
The Soviet Union in Russia
The Republic of Cuba
The Socialist Republic of Vietnam (And many more...)
Mathias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann did what?
Formulated the Cell Theory.
Scientists proposed the theory that all plants and animals descended from a common ancestor by _________ over millions of years.
^evolution
Charles Darwin did what?
Constructed his own theory of evolution based on Natural Selection.
Natural Selection = ?
Organisms better adapted to their environment have a more likely chance of survival.
Gregor Mendel did what?
Experimented with pea plants, discovered genes, and created the study of hereditary also known as genetics.
Edward Jenner did what?
Created a smallpox vaccine by using cowpox. (This was the world's first inoculation/vaccination.)
Louis Pasteur did what?
Discovered bacteria/germs.
Created pasteurization.
____________ were used during surgery to keep patients unconscious and numb.
^Anesthetics
____________ were used before making initial incisions during surgery to prevent infection.
^Antiseptics
Atomic Theory = ?
The idea that all matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms.
John Dalton did what?
Discovered that elements are composed of one type of atom. There may be multiple, but they are identical and unlike any other element.
Wilhelm K. Roentgen did what?
Discovered x-rays or high energy electromagnetic waves that could penetrate solid matter.
Marie Curie did what?
Discovered Radium and proved that it emits energy.
Max Planck did what?
The Quantum Theory of Energy = Theorized that energy is not continuous, but is released in seperate units called quanta.
Albert Einstein did what?
Developed the Theory of Relativity, which changed ideas about time, space, mass, and motion.
Sociology = ?
The study of human behavior in groups.
Psychology = ?
The science of human behavior in individuals.
Auguste Comte did what?
Believed that people could apply scientific methods to the study of human social groups.
Ivan Pavlov did what?
Suggested that human actions were unconscious reactions to outside stimuli and could be changed by training. (Also known as psychological conditioning.)
Sigmund Freud did what?
Created psychoanalysis, a method of treatment used to discover people's motives.
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