Microbio Unit 3 Exam

what are the aspects of the innate immune system?

it is working the second your born

it attacks pathogens

does not remember pathogens

has barriers

what are the aspects of the adaptive immune system?

it is active when your born but its naive

needs to learn pathogens

remembers pathogens

the second response is faster, stringer and more specific (usually lasts 2-3 days)

what differentiates the innate and adaptive immune systems?

the adaptive immune system has memory and the innate doesnt

what cell type is associated with the innate immune system?

Eosinophils, Basophils, Neutrophils, Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells

what cell type is associated with the adaptive immune system?

T and B cells; dendritic cells

what is the difference between pyroptosis and aptosis?

pyroptosis- cell death by fever

apoptosis- programmed cell death (triggered by NK cells or neutrophils)

what is the mucociliary escalator responsible for?

its made up of mucus and little cells with cilia in the respiratory tract to remove microbes

what are the different types of immune system diseases?

hypersensitivities

autoimmune diseases

immunodeficiencies

What causes the different types of immune system diseases?

hypersensitivities: an exaggerated immune response that damages tissues (e.g. allergies)

autoimmune diseases: lymphocytes react against auto-antigens

immunodeficiencies: body cannot initiate or sustain immune response

Where are B cells produced?

bone marrow

where do B cells mature?

bone marrow

Where are T cells produced?

bone marrow

Where do T cells mature?

thymus

What does an antigen presenting cell do?

digest pathogens and present the foreign peptides to the T cells

what types of cells are professional APCs? (antigen presenting cells)

phagocytes (macrophages) and dendritic cells

what is the difference between a leukocyte and a lymphocyte?

a leukocyte is a white blood cell a lymphocyte is a type of leukocyte that associates with the adaptive immune system

What does each type of lymphocyte do?

T and B cells- highly specific in recognition of antigen

NK cells- destroy certain types of cells

what do neutrophils do?

engulf and destroy bacteria

what do basophils do?

involved in allergic reactions and inflammation

what do eosinophils do?

fight parasitic worms; also involved in allergic reactions

what do monocytes do?

circulate in the blood and “eat” pathogens

what do macrophages do?

leave the blood and “eat” pathogens

what do dendritic cells do?

engulf material in tissues, bring it to cells of adaptive immune system for “inspection”

What are the dangers of childbirth by C-section and preterm?

the baby is never exposed to lactobacilli and other microbes that colonize the digestive tract and skin which alters their microbiota

What are the benefits and dangers of formula feeding and breast-feeding?

benefits of breast-feeding: breastmilk contains microorganisms and carbohydrates that nourish a healthy microbiome

dangers of formula feeding: infants are 60x more likely to die of pneumonia because they have pretty much no adaptive immunity (for the first couple months)

Who is the person who discovered antibiotics and who first synthesized penicillin?

Alexander Fleming

What is an infection?

the invasion and multiplication of harmful microorganisms (like bacteria or viruses) within the body.

What is an infectious disease?

the illness or condition that results when the infection causes damage to the body's cells and tissues

What is an infectious dose?

number of microbes necessary to establish an infection

What is the hygiene hypothesis?

lack of early childhood exposure to germs can lead to weakened immune system (causing autoimmune diseases and allergies)

What are the different phases of an infectious disease?

incubation period: time between introduction of microbe to host and onset of symptoms

illness: person experiences symptoms

convalescence: recovery

what is a secondary infection?

a bacterial or viral illness that develops following a first illness often due to the person's immune system being stressed or weak

what are Koch’s postulates?

steps developed by Robert Koch to show a certain pathogen causes a particular disease

what are molecular Koch’s postulates?

take a molecular approach to demonstrate that particular pathogen causes a certain disease

Who invented Koch’s Molecular postulates?

Stanley Falco

Who invented Koch’s postulates?

Robert Koch

what is each stem of Koch’s postulates?

1. microorganism is present in every case of the disease

2. microorganism must be grown in pure culture from diseased hosts

3. same disease can be produces when a pure culture of the microorganism is introduced into susceptible hosts

4. microorganism must be recovered from the infected hosts

What are endotoxins?

lipopolysaccharide found in the cell wall of Gram Negative bacteria

What are exotoxins?

may or may not be secreted by a bacteria and have very specific damaging effects. both gram positive and gram negative bacteria make exotoxins

What are the different types of endotoxins that exist?

Lipid A triggers inflammatory response

Sepsis

what are the 6 different types of exotoxin that exist?

Neurotoxins

Enterotoxins

Cytotoxins

A-B toxins

Membrane- damaging toxins

what are the different types of transplants

allografts- transplants between two humans who are not identical

autografts- tissue transplanted from elsewhere on the recipients body

isografts- tissue transplanted from an identical twin

xenografts- transplants between different species

What is primary immunodeficiency?

present at birth

What is secondary immunodeficiency?

acquired after birth

What kind of disease is rheumatoid arthritis, and what causes it?

autoimmune disease, t-cells play a role to affect connective tissues within the joints

What kind of disease is diabetes mellitus type I, and what causes it?

autoimmune; T cells kill the B cells responsible for producing insulin

What does epidemic mean?

an unusually large number of cases in a population

What does endemic mean?

constantly present diseases in a given population (e.g. influenza)

What does pandemic mean?

when an epidemic spreads around the world

What are communicable diseases?

infectious diseases that can be transmitted from one host to another (contagious diseases)

What is vertical disease transfer?

transmission of the infectious agent from a pregnant female to her fetus or baby (through breast-feeding)

What is horizontal disease transfer?

transmission by any other method besides vertical transmission (person to person, environment to person, etc)

What is the reservoir of an infection?

the natural habitat of a pathogen

(e.g. squirrels can be a reservoir of rabies)

What are fomites?

inanimate objects that contain microbes

in which sex is gonorrhea more clinically evident in?

men, many women are asymptomatic

What is a vector?

any living organism that can transmit a disease-causing microbe (e.g. mosquitoes, flies, fleas, lice, ticks)

Which organisms make up the most common group of vectors?

arthopods like mosquitoes, flies, lice, fleas, and ticks

whats another word for a contagious disease?

communicable disease

what are the lines of innate defenses?

1. barriers to entry

2. protective proteins

3. phagocytes and natural killer cells

4. inflammatory response

what are the 4 types of leukocytes?

1. granulocytes

2. Mononuclear phagocytes

3. Dendritic cells

4. lymphocytes

what are cytokines?

voices of the cell

what do surface receptors serve as?

Eyes and ears of the cell

What is the process of phagocytosis?

1. chemotaxis

2. Recognition and attachment

3. Engulfment

4. phagosome maturation and phagolysosome formation

5. Destruction and digestion

6. Exocytosis

where is the compliment system synthesized

In the liver

What is the process of the inflammatory response?

1. dilation of small blood vessels

2. Migration of leukocytes from bloodstream to tissues

3. Clotting factors wall off site of infection

4. Dead neutrophils and tissue debris accumulate as pus

what does acute inflammation mean?

Resolves itself once the pathogens are removed

what does chronic inflammation mean?

Caused by an inappropriate inflammatory response that doesn’t resolve

what are the two branches of the adaptive immune response?

Humoral response and cell mediated response

what Lymphocytes initiate humoral response?

B cells

What lymphocytes initiate cell mediated response

T cells

what is the purpose of humoral immunity

The b lymphocytes produce and antibodies that eliminate invaders and toxins in the blood or tissue fluids

what type of leukocytes are involved in the innate immune system

phagocytes

what type of leukocytes are involved in the adaptive immune system?

Lymphocytes

what is the region of the receptor that is responsible for the recognition of specific antigens called?

The antigen binding site

what is another word for an antigen

Immunogen or immunoglobulin

what makes the best antigens

proteins

what Lymphocytes work through antibodies to destroy pathogens?

B cells

what lymphocytes work by direct cell contact with pathogens

t cells

what is responsible for presenting antigens to T cells?

Dendritic cells

how does communication with the adaptive response occur during the innate immune response?

through phagocytes

what is the special protein complex that needs to be attached to T cells in order for them to recognize antigens?

MHC complex