histology chapter 7: nervous tissue

just trying to study :3

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

surrounding nerves within limbs (arms/legs)

ganglions

clusters of neuron cell bodies

tracts

collection of axons in the CNS

nerves

collection of axons in the PNS

posterior root ganglia

enlargements in the posterior peripheral nerve roots of the spinal cord that carry sensory information.

epinerium

dense + irregular connective tissue that surrounds the peripheral nerves

glial cells

unipolar

What produces myelin in the CNS?

oligodendrocytes

What produces myelin in the PNS?

schwann cells

what are the four categories of neurons?

unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, and pseudounipolar

what is the most common type of neuron in the nervous system?

multipolar

what neurons are found in the eye, ear, and olfactory system?

bipolar

how many layers does the cerebral cortex have?

6

what cells are found within the cerebral cortex?

pyramidal cells

what layers have the most prominent pyramidal cells?

3 and 5

what are the three types of glial cells?

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia

what are the three meninges?

pia mater, dura mater, and the arachnoid

what disease involves a highly malignant tumor of the brain that arises from neoplastic astrocytes?

glioblastoma

what disease involves a fungal infection in the subarachnoid space?

meningitis

what disease is demyelinating, with a loss of oligodendrocytes?

multiple sclerosis

What disease involves cells aligning themselves in a picket-like structure? (palisading)

glioblastoma

what disease involves neurofibrillary tangles and plaques?

alzheimer’s

what disease involves neck stiffness?

meningitis

what disease involves destruction of the myelin sheath?

multiple sclerosis

what disease affects the cerebral cortex with overproduction of the amyloid beta protein?

alzheimer’s

what disease may involve shrinkage of the right hemisphere of the brain?

alzheimers

what type of cells are glial cells?

nonneuronal

what are some functions of glial cells?

transfer of nutrients from capillaries to neurons, maintaining the blood-brain barrier, regulating the intercellular environment, providing myelin insulation of axons, and providing mechanical support for neurons.

which cells act as phagocytes of the CNS?

microglia

where are astrocytes found?

in the CNS, forming contacts with capillaries that produce the blood-brain barrier and form contacts with neurons.

what is the name of the processes of astrocytes?

end-feet, which form the glia limitans

where can astrocytes be found?

the CNS, blood-brain barrier, spinal cord, and brain.

what is the golgi preparation stain?

it stains all processes of neurons (ex: dendrites, cell body, axon…) but do not have much reaction with the entirety of neurons.

what are nissal stains?

commonly seen with rough endoplasmic reticulum, but does not stain processes such as dendrites and axons.

what are myelin stains?

create depiction for myelinated fibers, but do not react with dendrites specifically. this results in darker myelinated fiber tracts and areas with higher concentrations of neuron cell bodies being lighter.

what are h&e stains?

they are used often for identification of pathologies aside from the typical nervous tissue.