Biology Carbon

Carbon

has the ability to form single, double, and triple bonds, mostly covalent bonds

covalent bonds

electrons are shared in this bond

macromolecules

large organic molecules found in living things

monomer

the individual pieces of a polymer

polymer

multiple monomer joined together

Polymerization

monomers become polymers by this process

dehydration synthesis

monomers form a bond by losing one molecule of H2O to become a polymer, covalent bond

hydrolysis

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water

carbohydrates

living things use carbohydrates as soures for energy and for structural purposes, made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a fixed ratio of 1:2;1 Glucose: C6H12O6; monomer is monosaccharide

polysaccharide

multiple sugars, or monomers; are complex carbohydrates and may be hundreds or thousands of monomers long

monosaccharides

one sugar, or monomer; monomer of carbohydrates

disaccharides

two sugars, or monomers

glucose

serves a primary fuel to generate energy that the body’s cells use to carry out their metabolic and biological functions; primary fuel

glycogen

animals and humans store excess glucose in the liver and muscle cells as-

starch

plants store their energy in the form of-

cellulose

plants also use a structural carbohydrate to maintain their shape, support found in their cell walls called-

chitin

the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeletons of arthropods are made of-

lipids

long term energy; mostly made of carbon and hydrogen and some oxygen. Composed of a Glycerol head and Fatty Acid Tails; Generally not soluble in water- hydrophobic; EX: fats, oils, waxes, and steroids; Phospholipids make up the cell membrane

saturated bond

carbon to carbon single bonds; more solid in room temperature

unsaturated

carbon to carbon double bonds; more liquidy in room temperature

Nucleic Acids

store and transmit heretitary or genetic information. Polymers are nucleic acids;

Nitrogenous base

caries the base pair; held together with hydrogen bonds

Deoxyribose

the sugar of deoxyribonucleic acid

deoxyribonucleic acid

double stranded; carries genetic information; sugar is deoxyribose

Purines

adenine and guanine are considered-

pyrimidines

thymine and cytosine are considered-

ribonucleic acid

Single stranded; sugar is ribose; adenine pairs to uracil

Proteins

polymers made of amino acid monomers; has an R group as a placeholder; are used for enzymes, hormones, and antibodies; consists of the elements O, H, C, N, and sometimes S

amino acid

monomers of the polymer protein

peptide bond

the bond connecting two amino acids; covalent bond; made by dehydration synthesis

enzymes

control the rate of chemical reactions; lowers the activation energy

horomones

regulate cell processes

antibodies

helps fights diseases

primary

the linear sequence of amino acids

secondary

results from hydrogen bonds between the different R groups; starts to fold in on itself and hydrogen bonding begins between R groups

Tertiary

the finalized 3-D shape of the polypeptide

quaternary

not all proteins reach this structure, only occurs when two or more polypeptides attach and work together, such as with HEMOGLOBIN

Hemoglobin

transports oxygen in our blood

activation energy

the minimum amount of energy that is required to activate atoms into chemical reactions

Substrate

name for the reactants

active site

the place at which the reactants bind to the active site

denature

if an enzyme is not in its optimal conditions; can result from temperature, pH, salt concentration(salinity)