History and Systems Exam 3

physiology

physiology of the nervous system, the brain, and sensations

Gall and Spurzheim: phrenology (description, definition )

Phrenology is the study of skull contours

both men studied the physiology of the brain

Muller: doctrine of specific nerve energies

studied physiology of the nervous system

the nature of perception is determined by what nerve pathway is excited, rather then the nature of the stimulus.

Doctrine - ten laws of neural transmission

Awareness of our neural responses, just not the environment directly.

Helmhotz: speed of a nerve impulse (description, phenomena measured)

measured reaction time

studied the physiology of the nervous system → the speed of a nerve impulse

Psychophysics

differs from sensory physiology, emphasized the subjective experience in the relationship between physical stimuli and sensations

Weber: two-point threshold (description, findings, significance)

Studied the sense of touch

Two-point threshold - smallest detectable distance between two points and related study of weight discrimination. Measured skin sensitivity

Goal was the objective measure of the subjective state

Fechner: mind-body problem (position)

Relationship between sensation and preception

Attacked materialism and thought the active model of the mind

Helmholtz: theory of color vision, doctrine of unconscious inference

Supported Thomas Young’s theory of color vision

Handbook of the physiology of opticsc- PHYSIOLOGY OF SENSATIONS

Doctrine of unconscious inference: perception is more than sensory physiology (Empiricism) mental construct

Sherrington: synapse, excitatory and inhibitory processes, unity of self

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE BRAIN

established neuroanatomical basis of reflexology

discovered inhibitory and excitatory actions at the synapse

Functional perspective: representative thinker

Charles Darwin

Darwin: theory of evolution, writings

“on the origin of the species”

“the descent of man”

“the expression of the emotions in man and animals”

Darwin: motivational principles

Believed evolution existed due to an overproduction of nature, subtleties of diversity in nature, adaptability, struggle for survival, and species variation

comparative psychology: definition, description

blends biology and psychology?

Evolution theory: impact and significance on psychology

Evolution completed the “Copernican Revolution” and was a precursor for a scientific psychology

natural science perspective: representative thinker

Fechner

psychology as a natural science: description, features, characteristics

the analytic study of variables under experimental scrutiny

structural psychology: definition, description, subject matter

The analytic study of generalized adult human mind through the method of introspection

Voluntarism

Structuralism

Three Goals: describe components of consciousness in terms of its elements

describe combinations of basic elements

explain the connections of the elements in the nervous system

Wundt: first experimental psychology laboratory

Opened first laboratory in Leipzig

Wundt: contributions to psychology

Extended Helmhotlz’s notion of unconscious inference to the creative process of apperception

psychological “pope” of the Old World

Wundt

Titchener: contributions to structural psychology

introduced structural psychology to the U.S.

one dimension of emotion: pleasant-unpleasant

psychology as a human science: description, features, characteristics

the recognition of psychic phenomena of a dynamic nature

act psychology: definition, description, subject matter

the study of psychic phenomena expressed as acts and processes

Brentano: contributions to psychology (emphasis, methods, legacy)

Father of act psychology

consciousness is defined in terms of psychic phenomena

Kulpe/Wurzburg School: contributions (challenges, controversy, precursor)

Cognitive, creative processes of Kulpe vs mental processes as associations of Wundt

Twentieth century: other terms

deliberate distance from the old world and desire to remain aloof of entanglements

acceptance of evolution by natural selection

Functional perspective: representative thinker

Functional psycholgoy: definition, description, subject matter

An attitude emphasizing the applications and utility of psychology

American pragmatism: description, emphasis

Pragmatic philosophy - emphasized results and consequences of philosophical positions

pragmatic science - emphasized the applied over the abstract

William James: approach to psychology

psychology as the science of mental life

centered on experience as a stream of consciousness

William James: human experience (description, analogy, characteristics)

Our experience is a continuous stream of consciousness

Our value is determined by consequences and measured by utility

William James: mind and body (description)

subjective and objective are aspects of experience
Similar to Spinoza’s double aspectism

Psychological “pope” of the new world

William JamesL

Munsterberg: types of psychology (causal, purposive, applied)

distinguished between “causal” and “purposive” psychology

Munsterberg: applications of psychology

Educational, Legal, Economic, Medical, and Cultural psychology

Structuralism vs funcationalism: compare and contrast

Functionalism - less coherent system then a rationale, provided translation from structuralism, and committed American psychology as a experimental science

Structuralism -

McDougall: hormic psychology (definition, description)

Psychological activity is purposive

Hall: numerous “Firsts”

First Harvard Ph.D

First of Wundt’s American students

First American Laboratory

Founded American Journal of Psychology

Founding President of Clark U

Founding President of APA

Gestalt: definition, description, emphasis

Background in Germany

refers to form or shape

deals with wholes and its data are phenomenal

wholes add up to more than the sum of the parts

Wertherimer: phi phenonmenon (description, significance)

His phi phenonmenon was an apparaent movement which led to an early expression of Gestalt principles

Gestalt theorists: Wertheimer, Kohler, Koffka

Were all founders of gestalt psychology

Lewin: Gestalt psychology role and field theory

influenced the view of behavior as organized fields

emphasis on individual context - Hodological space: the interactive field of a person

the totality of all possible events that influence the individual

Freud’s psychoanalysis: motivational principles

emphasized the unconscious mind - focused on unconscious thoughts and childhood experiences

Adler’s individual psychology: primary concepts

Inferiority concept - feeling of inadequacy that motivates people to improve themselves

Jung’s analytic psychology: personality types

Personal unconscious - complexes

Collective unconscious - archetypes

Horney’s psychology: neurotic needs and modes of activity

Moving toward - infantile

Moving against - adolescence

Moving away - isolated adult

Behaviorism: respondent conditioning and operant conditioning

Respondent Behavior - classical conditioning, principles of association

Operant Behavior - instrumental conditioning, principles of reinforcement

Pavlov’s classical conditioning: associative learning

Associations quantified and objectified

objective measure of learning in terms of acquisition and extinction, or memory

Watson’s behaviorism: behavioral psychology (writings, emphasis, focus of study)

“psychology as the behaviorist views it”

environment only - input and output

Skinner’s operant conditioning: radical positivism (emphasis, determinants)

instrumental conditioning and the operant

control of environmental variables and the achievement of perfect prediction

Third force movement: school of thought, principle

Humanistic psychology

Husserl’s phrenomenolgoy: definition, description

philosophy as the study of consciousness

goal to find scientific approach

there are two branches of knowledge: natural sciences (outward directedness) and philosophy (inward directions)

Physical knowledge → Psychology ← Philosophical Knowledge

Mounier’s personalism: first principle

“i love, therefore i am”

Wojtyla’s personalism: motivational principles

personalistic principle

person as subject vs object

Maslow: needs hierarchy

physiological needs

safety needs

belonging and love needs

esteem needs

cognitive needs

aesthetic needs

self-actualization

transcendence

Rogers: client-centered therapy (focus, approach)

focused on experiencing self

motivation toward self-actualization

“unconditional regard” to create a therapeutic context of safety

Cognitive psychology: description, emphasis, founder

Jean Piaget

streams of consciousness - mind as machine

Miller and Buckhout: stages within history of psychology

Man as knower - philosophical thought

man as animal - physiology/adaptive behavior

man as machine - computer technology

man as social animal - cultural/social adaptation

man as knower - information processing