Chapter 1/4 - Anatomy

Tissues

Epithelial tissue

covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, produces glandular secretions. Functions in absorption, transportation, secretion, filtration, sensory reception, and physical protection.

connective tissue

fill internal spaces, provide structural support, store energy. Integrates the body’s organs and systems

muscle tissue

contracts to produce active movement in response to stimulations, produces movement

nervous tissue

capable of sending and receiving impulses through electrochemical signals

organization levels

atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

layers and shapes of epithelium

simple and stratified, squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

simple cuboidal epithelium

location: kidney tubules, ducts of glands

functions: secretion and absorption

simple squamous epithelium

location: lining of the lung air sacs, lining of the heart and blood vessels, kidney glomerulus

function: diffusion and filtration

simple columnar epithelium

location: nonciliated lines most of the digestive tract, gall bladder, and excertory ducts. Ciliated lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.
Function: absorption and secretion of mucus and other substances

stratified cuboidal epithelium

location: largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands

function: protection

stratified columnar epithelium

location: rare in the body, small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands

function: protection and secretion

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

location: nonciliated type in males sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands, ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract

function: secretion, particularly of mucus, propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

stratified squamous epithelium

location: nonkratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, vagina. keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane

function: protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

transitional epithelium

location: lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra

function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

basal lamina

layers that links epithelium layers to connective tissue layer

directly under is the layer of reticular fibers that combine with basal lamina to make basement membrane

glands

epithelium cells that make and secrete a product, made of proteins created by the rough ER, packaged by golgi apparatus and released by exocytosis

connective tissue proper, areolar tissue

location: widely distributed under spithelia of body, forms lamine propria of muscous membrance, packages organs, surrounds capillaries

function: wraps and cushions organs, its macriphages phagocytize bacteria, plays important role in inflammation, holds and conveys tissue fluid

reticular connective tissue

location: lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen

function: fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages

dense irregular CT

location: fibrous capsules of organs and of joints, dermis of the skin, submucosa of digestive tract

function: able to withstand tensions exerted in many directions, provides structural strength

dense regular CT

location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles, attaches bones to bones, withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction

elastic CT proper

location: walls of large arteries, within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column, within the walls of the bronchial tubes

function: allows recoil of tissue following stretching, maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries, aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration

membranes

covering and lining that are all over the body

cutaneous (stratified squamous epithelium and dense irregular CT), mucous (epithelium and lamina propria), and serous (mesothelium and produces serous fluid)

Supportive connective tissue

bone and cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic)

active connective tissue

blood, muscle, and nervous

adipose connective tissue (loose)

Function: provides reserve food fuel, insulates against heat loss, supports and protects organs

Location: under skin in the hypodermis, around kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen, in breasts

membranes

cutaneous (stratified squamous epithelium and dense irregular CT)

mucous (epithelium and lamina propria)

serous (mesothelium and produces serous fluid)

elastic fibers

fibrous proteins in connective tissue that has a high % of protein elastin that allows fibers to stretch and return to their original size

areolar connective tissue and elastic cartilage

collagen fibers

flexible, fibrous proteins that give connective tissue tensile strength

areolar connective tissue, dense regular/irregular, and bone

fibroblasts

most abundant cell type in CT, secretes protein fibers and matrix into extracellular space

areolar connective tissue and dense regular connective tissue

macrophages

immune cells that engulf pathogens

cutaneous membrane

providing a physical and biological barrier against trauma, pathogens, and environmental threats, preventing water loss, regulating body temperature through sweating and insulation, synthesizing Vitamin D upon UV exposure, and offering sensory input

stratified squamous epithelium and dense irregular connective tissue

mucous membrane

protect the body by acting as a barrier against pathogens and physical damage, serve as a site for absorption and secretion, facilitate lubrication and movement, and play a crucial role in the immune response

epithelium and lamina propria

serous membrane

reduce friction and provide lubrication within the body's internal cavities, allowing organs to move freely without causing damage

mesothelium and produces serous fluid