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Biological Perspective

Focuses on how physical aspects of the body (genes, hormones, nervous system, and brain) relate to behavior, thoughts, and feelings.

Psychoanalytical Perspective

Examines how childhood experiences influence later personalities and the role of unconscious fears, desires, and thoughts in motivating behavior.

Behavioral Perspective

Studies how new behaviors are learned or old behaviors changed based on environmental events, rewards, or punishments.

Cognitive Perspective

Investigates mental processing, including how information is processed, stored, and used, affecting perception, learning, memory, and feelings.

Humanistic Perspective

Explores how individuals pursue meaningful goals and the freedom in directing personal growth and self-fulfillment.

Sociocultural Perspective

Analyzes how individual behavior is influenced by social groups and cultural contexts.

Evolutionary Perspective

Focuses on how natural selection of traits promotes the survival of genes (survival of the fittest).

Developmental Psychology

Studies physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the lifespan.

Educational Psychology

Examines how psychological processes affect teaching and learning.

Personality Psychology

Investigates individual characteristics in thinking, feeling, and acting patterns.

Counseling Psychology

Aids individuals in addressing life problems and achieving well-being.

Clinical Psychology

Studies, assesses, and treats psychological disorders.

Psychiatry

A medical branch dealing with psychological disorders, providing both medical and psychological treatments.

Positive Psychology

Studies human functioning to discover and promote strengths and virtues for thriving individuals and communities.

Community Psychology

Examines interactions between individuals and their social environments and institutions.

Industrial-Organizational Psychology

Applies psychological concepts to optimize human behavior in workplaces.

Human Factors Psychology

Studies the interaction between people and machines to enhance safety and usability.

Hindsight Bias

The tendency to believe one could have predicted an event after it has occurred.

Overconfidence

The belief that one knows more than they actually do.

Critical Thinking

The process of examining assumptions and discerning hidden values in arguments and conclusions.

Descriptive Methods

Non-experimental research techniques that describe behaviors without manipulation.

Correlational Studies

Research examining relationships between variables without manipulation, indicating possible causal relationships.

Experimental Research

Research that manipulates one variable to observe its effect on another, establishing cause-and-effect relationships.

Hypothesis

A testable prediction that can be falsified through empirical testing.

Control Group

The group in an experiment that does not receive treatment, serving as a baseline for comparison.

Random Sampling

Selecting participants randomly from a population to ensure a representative sample.

Double-Blind Procedure

A research method where both participants and researchers are unaware of who receives the treatment.

Placebo Effect

The phenomenon where expectations alone can cause changes in participants' conditions.

Informed Consent

Participants must be aware of their involvement in research and give their consent.

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

An ethics committee that reviews and approves research proposals to ensure ethical standards are met.

Descriptive Statistics

Numerical data used to measure and describe distributions.

Central Tendency

Measures that summarize a set of data, including mean, median, and mode.

Skewed Distribution

A distribution where most scores fall on one side, affecting the mean.

Positive Skew

A distribution with high-value outliers, where the mean is greater than the median.

Negative Skew

A distribution with low-value outliers, where the mean is less than the median.

Standard Deviation

A measure of the average distance of scores from the mean, indicating data spread.

Inferential Statistics

The process of making predictions or decisions about a population based on sample data.

Statistical Significance

Indicates how likely results are due to chance or the experimental treatment, reported as a p-value.

Effect Size

A measure of the magnitude of difference between two variables.

Meta-Analysis

A method that combines data from multiple studies to reach a single conclusion on a research topic.