nat & var (variety, characs) AND (structure and function (levels of org, cell structure)

characteristics of living organisms (MRS GRENC), variety of living organisms (cell structures)

MRS GRENC

movement

respiration

stimulus (responds to surroundings)

growth

reproduction

excretion

nutrition

controls internal conditions

define organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system

organelle → small structure within cell that carries out a function

cell → small fundamental unit that makes up an organism

tissue → group of (usually similar) cells working together to perform a function

organ → groups of tissues working to together to perform a shared function

organ system → group of organs (with related functions) working together to perform a function

eukaryote vs prokaryote

eukaryote has a nucleus

EU

	PLANT	ANIMAL	BACTERIA	FUNGI
nucleus
cytoplasm
cell wall
cell membrane
mitochondria
ribosomes
chloroplasts
permanent vacuole
plasmid
flagellum
uni/multicellular
carbohydrates stored as:

	PLANT	ANIMAL	BACTERIA	FUNGI
nucleus	✅	✅	❌	✅
cytoplasm	✅	✅	✅	✅
cell wall	✅	❌	✅	✅
cell membrane	✅	✅	✅	✅
mitochondria	✅	✅	❌	✅
ribosomes	✅	✅	✅	✅
chloroplasts	✅	❌	❌	❌
photosynthesis?	✅	❌	❌ *but some rarer bacteria have chlorophyll in cytoplasm	❌ saprotrophic
permanent vacuole	✅	❌	❌	❌
plasmid	❌	❌	✅* and circular chromosome of DNA	❌
flagellum	❌	❌	✅	❌
uni/multicellular	multi	multi	uni	uni: yeast multi: mushroom
carbohydrates stored as:	starch/sucrose	glycogen	glycogen	glycogen
example	pea plant	dog	e.coli	Amoeba

	basic structure	function
nucleus
cytoplasm
cell membrane
cell wall	plant: fungi: [bacteria: ]
chloroplasts
vacuole
ribosomes
mitochondria

	basic structure	function
nucleus	contains genetic material in chromosomes	contains genetic information, controls cell activities
cytoplasm	jelly-like substance	site of chemical reactions
cell membrane		controls what goes in/out of cell holds cell together
cell wall	plant: cellulose fungi: chitin [bacteria: peptidoglycan]	give cell structure and shape, prevent bursting
chloroplasts	contains chlorophyll	site of photosynthesis, chlorophyll absorbs sunlight
vacuole	sack	contains cell sap: water, salts/sugars, mineral ions starch storage holds shape of cell
ribosomes		protein synthesis
mitochondria		site of aerobic respiration

define pathogen

microorganism that causes disease

virus features

include: size, contains either ___ or ___

example

protein coat

parasitic; cannot reproduce without living host

very small

contain either DNA or RNA

example: influenza

NOT LIVING

what is cell differentiation

process by which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific function

animal vs plant cell differentiation

animal: as organism develops, animal cells lose ability to specialise early on

• only some adult STEM cells remain undifferentiated

  • these are involved in replacing/repairing cells e.g. blood, skin.

plant: many types of plant cells can differentiate into anything at any stage in their lifetime

A stem cell is an _______ cell of an organism that is capable of ______ an _____ number of times

A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell of an organism that is capable of dividing an unlimited number of times

stem cell	source	potential	product
embryonic
Adult	bone marrow
adult	skin
adult	other organs e.g. liver, brain
adult	umbilical cord blood
meristem

	problem	how stem cells could be used to treat it	source of stem cells
diabetes II
paralysis

benefits of using stem cells	risks/issues of using stem cells	social issues	ethical issues